Barley straw, dryland, S Highland and Gippsland {AU-NSW}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U
Unit process v00.00.000
This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of barley. The yield is 2618 t/ha. Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/. (Hume, I., Renouf, M.A., Eady, S.J., Grant, T., 2025). It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government’s Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Production Volume: 41246 t/yr. Activities included: This activity starts after the harvest of the previous crop. Activities included are: the inputs of seeds, mineral fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation water, all machine operations and corresponding machine infrastructure and sheds. It is assumed that no organic fertilisers are applied. Machine operations are: soil cultivation, sowing, fertilisation, irrigation, weed control, pest and pathogen control, combine-harvest, and drying of grains. Direct field emissions are included. This activity ends after harvest and drying of grains at the farm gate. Energy values: 18.4MJ/kg (gross). Nutritional values: Protein: 12%. Carbohydrate: 61%. Fat: 2%. Geography: Southern Highlands, Tablelands and Gippsland, NSW, AU. Technology level: Represents current practices as per gross margins reports (AgMargins 2024 & SA Gross Margin Guide 2022). Time period: 2017-2021. Record: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU Generator: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 30 May 2025
- Reference ID
1060b685-4bde-302d-a8f0-3e1d12708960
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Barley straw, dryland, S Highland and Gippsland {AU-NSW}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Secondray data compiled from publicly available resources. Validated by expert knowledge to represent typical representative practices and inputs.
- Creation date
- 30 May 2025
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
- —
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barley straw, dryland, S Highland and Gippsland {AU-NSW}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U | 162.338692 | kg | Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.4 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.91 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass. Heating value, gross: 18.2 MJ/kg |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barley straw, dryland, S Highland and Gippsland , biogenic C not balanced {AU-NSW}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U | 162.338692 | kg | — |
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 54.28605860480001 | kg | Atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the plant. Calculated. |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ED_Crop | 18.4 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] Energy density of barley crop - Feedipedia |
| Fburnt | 0.22 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of residues burnt for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| P_Straw | 20.0 | — | (4,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - |
| ED_Straw | 17.3 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] energy density of barley straw - Feedipedia |
| EFburn_CO | 0.078 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_straw | 10.476256923733336 | (Carbon_Grain+Carbon_Straw+Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_grain)*All_straw/100 | [kg CO2] biogenic carbon exported in barley straw - |
| CC_crop | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for barley crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_grain | -199.04888155093303 | (Carbon_Grain-Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain)/(All_Grain/100) | [kg CO2] kg carbon correction factor for the determning product (barley) - |
| m_straw | 162.338692 | yield*Res_crop*fremoved | kg Straw - wet mass - |
| EFburn_CO2 | — | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO2 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EFburn_CH4 | 0.004 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CH4 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_balance | 406.2306908768986 | Carbon_Absorb_Crop+Carbon_Absorb_Residue-Carbon_burning-Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg-Carbon_deg_before_burn-Carbon_Residue_remaining-Carbon_Grain-Carbon_Straw-Carbon_monoxide_in_burn-Methane_in_burn | Balance check of all biogenic carbons. - |
| Carbon_Absorb_Residue | 4190.502769493333 | (Yield*Res_crop*DM_residue*CC_residue)*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in residue production - |
| All_Straw | 0.31626684481598033 | iff(Allocation=2; All_straw_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_straw_Mass;All_straw_Eco)) | Allocation to straw - |
| Yield | 2618.366 | — | (1,2,1,1,1,na) -[kg/ha] yield, calculated from five year average ('18 - '22) - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017-2022 |
| Allocation | 1.0 | — | Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, - |
| Fremoved | 0.05 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of the crop removed in the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| NCag_residue | 0.007 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of above-ground barley crop residue - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_Residue_remaining | 3059.0670217301335 | Yield*Res_crop*((1-Fburnt-Fremoved))*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue remaining - |
| Carbon_Absorb_Crop | 3301.9977173333336 | (((Yield-seed_input)*DM_crop*CC_crop))*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in grain net grain production (excluding seed input) kg - |
| Methane_in_burn | 1.7700683698339839 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CH4*44/12 | [kg CO2] Methane as CO2 for balance purposes - |
| DM_crop | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg crop] Dry matter content of barley crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain | 3500.417073266944 | (Carbon_Grain+Carbon_Straw)*All_Grain/100 | [kg CO2] biogenic carbon exported in barley - |
| Res_crop | 1.24 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kg crop residue/kg crop]] Residue/crop ratio for barley - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| All_Straw_Mass | 5.966788401451399 | (straw_DM)/(straw_DM+grain_DM)*100 | Mass allocation fraction for straw |
| Straw_DM | 142.85804896000002 | m_straw*DM_residue | kg DM of straw - |
| P_Crop | 400.0 | — | (1,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - CSIRO, 2025 |
| All_Grain | 99.68373315518402 | iff(Allocation=2; All_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Mass;All_Eco)) | Allocation to wheat - |
| Burn_efficiency | 0.96 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Default burning efficiency for residue from crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_monoxide_in_burn | 34.516333211762685 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CO*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon monoxide as CO2 for balance purposes - |
| Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_straw | 199.04888155093337 | (Carbon_Straw-Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_straw) | [kg CO2] kg carbon correction factor for the determning product (barley) straw - |
| Carbon_burning | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*Fburnt*CC_residue*Burn_efficiency*EFburn_CO2*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue burnt - |
| All_Eco | 99.68373315518402 | (m_grain*P_Crop)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_grain*P_Crop)*100 | Economic allocation fraction for the primary crop |
| DM_residue | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg residue] Dry matter content of barley residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| OTHERDATA | 1.0 | — | OTHER DATA - - |
| All_Straw_Eco | 0.31626684481598033 | (m_straw*P_straw)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_grain*P_Crop)*100 | Economic allocation fraction for straw |
| Carbon_deg_before_burn | 460.9553046442666 | Yield*Res_crop*Fburnt*(1-Fresremaining)*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue set to be burnt by degraded before burn - |
| Carbon_Straw | 209.5251384746667 | Straw_DM*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by straw CO2 - |
| All_Straw_En | 5.630161584584912 | (straw_DM*ed_straw)/(ed_Straw*straw_DM+grain_DM*ED_Crop)*100 | Allocation fraction for straw based on energy content |
| Seed_input | 60.0 | — | (3,3,2,3,2,na) - [kg/ha] of seed - |
| All_En | 94.36983841541509 | (grain_DM*ED_Crop)/(straw_DM*ed_Straw+grain_DM*ED_Crop)*100 | Allocation fraction for the primary crop based on energy content |
| All_Mass | 94.0332115985486 | (grain_DM/(straw_DM+grain_DM))*100 | Mass allocation fraction for the primary crop |
| NCbg_residue | 0.01 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of below-ground barley crop residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_Grain | 3301.9977173333336 | Grain_DM*CC_crop*44/12 | [kg CO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by grain CO2 - |
| Fresremaining | 0.5 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction remaining at the time of burning for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg | 18.438212185770684 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*(1-Burn_efficiency)*Fburnt*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from fraction of carbon not burnt in the burn kg CO2 - |
| Lime_purity | 0.9 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - fractional purity of limestone NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). |
| Grain_DM | 2251.36208 | m_grain*DM_Crop | kg DM of grain - |
| m_grain | 2558.366 | yield-Seed_input | kg Grain - wet mass - |
| CC_residue | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for barley straw - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |