Barley straw, dryland, Mallee {AU-SA}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U
Unit process v00.00.000
This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of barley. The yield is 2054 t/ha. Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/. (Hume, I., Renouf, M.A., Eady, S.J., Grant, T., 2025). It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government’s Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Production Volume: 2916751 t/yr. Activities included: This activity starts after the harvest of the previous crop. Activities included are: the inputs of seeds, mineral fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation water, all machine operations and corresponding machine infrastructure and sheds. It is assumed that no organic fertilisers are applied. Machine operations are: soil cultivation, sowing, fertilisation, irrigation, weed control, pest and pathogen control, combine-harvest, and drying of grains. Direct field emissions are included. This activity ends after harvest and drying of grains at the farm gate. Energy values: 18.4MJ/kg (gross). Nutritional values: Protein: 12%. Carbohydrate: 61%. Fat: 2%. Geography: Mallee Murray and central North South Australia, SA, AU. Technology level: Represents current practices as per gross margins reports (AgMargins 2024 & SA Gross Margin Guide 2022). Time period: 2017-2021. Record: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU Generator: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 30 May 2025
- Reference ID
4129a68c-8324-3ae4-9618-3649fa4a4870
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Barley straw, dryland, Mallee {AU-SA}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Secondray data compiled from publicly available resources. Validated by expert knowledge to represent typical representative practices and inputs.
- Creation date
- 30 May 2025
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
- —
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barley straw, dryland, Mallee {AU-SA}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U | 229.26088440000004 | kg | Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.4 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.91 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass. Heating value, gross: 18.2 MJ/kg |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barley straw, dryland, Mallee , biogenic C not balanced {AU-SA}| barley grain production | AusLCI, U | 229.26088440000004 | kg | — |
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 76.66483974336002 | kg | Atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the plant. Calculated. |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| All_En | 90.24577694525597 | (grain_DM*ED_Crop)/(straw_DM*ed_Straw+grain_DM*ED_Crop)*100 | Allocation fraction for the primary crop based on energy content |
| ED_Straw | 17.3 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] energy density of barley straw - Feedipedia |
| Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain | 2853.4860420221935 | (Carbon_Grain+Carbon_Straw)*All_Grain/100 | [kg CO2] biogenic carbon exported in barley - |
| CC_crop | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for barley crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| All_Straw_Eco | 0.5715028411644716 | (m_straw*P_straw)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_grain*P_Crop)*100 | Economic allocation fraction for straw |
| Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg | 7.8906501724160085 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*(1-Burn_efficiency)*Fburnt*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from fraction of carbon not burnt in the burn kg CO2 - |
| Carbon_burning | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*Fburnt*CC_residue*Burn_efficiency*EFburn_CO2*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue burnt - |
| Carbon_Grain | 2573.9881493333337 | Grain_DM*CC_crop*44/12 | [kg CO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by grain CO2 - |
| m_grain | 1994.3090000000002 | yield-Seed_input | kg Grain - wet mass - |
| Carbon_Absorb_Crop | 2573.9881493333337 | (((Yield-seed_input)*DM_crop*CC_crop))*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in grain net grain production (excluding seed input) kg - |
| Lime_purity | 0.9 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - fractional purity of limestone NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). |
| Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_straw | 281.10441239232006 | (Carbon_Straw-Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_straw) | [kg CO2] kg carbon correction factor for the determning product (barley) straw - |
| Straw_DM | 201.74957827200004 | m_straw*DM_residue | kg DM of straw - |
| EFburn_CH4 | 0.004 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CH4 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| All_Grain | 99.42849715883554 | iff(Allocation=2; All_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Mass;All_Eco)) | Allocation to wheat - |
| All_Straw_Mass | 10.310487023971497 | (straw_DM)/(straw_DM+grain_DM)*100 | Mass allocation fraction for straw |
| Fburnt | 0.12 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of residues burnt for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| P_Straw | 20.0 | — | (4,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - |
| P_Crop | 400.0 | — | (1,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - CSIRO, 2025 |
| Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_grain | -281.10441239232057 | (Carbon_Grain-Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain)/(All_Grain/100) | [kg CO2] kg carbon correction factor for the determning product (barley) - |
| Carbon_balance | 173.8468045986705 | Carbon_Absorb_Crop+Carbon_Absorb_Residue-Carbon_burning-Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg-Carbon_deg_before_burn-Carbon_Residue_remaining-Carbon_Grain-Carbon_Straw-Carbon_monoxide_in_burn-Methane_in_burn | Balance check of all biogenic carbons. - |
| Seed_input | 60.0 | — | (3,3,2,3,2,na) - [kg/ha] of seed - |
| Grain_DM | 1754.9919200000002 | m_grain*DM_Crop | kg DM of grain - |
| All_Straw | 0.5715028411644716 | iff(Allocation=2; All_straw_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_straw_Mass;All_straw_Eco)) | Allocation to straw - |
| DM_residue | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg residue] Dry matter content of barley residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Res_crop | 1.24 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kg crop residue/kg crop]] Residue/crop ratio for barley - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EFburn_CO | 0.078 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| All_Straw_En | 9.754223054744045 | (straw_DM*ed_straw)/(ed_Straw*straw_DM+grain_DM*ED_Crop)*100 | Allocation fraction for straw based on energy content |
| DM_crop | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg crop] Dry matter content of barley crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Fremoved | 0.09 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of the crop removed in the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_Absorb_Residue | 3287.7709051733345 | (Yield*Res_crop*DM_residue*CC_residue)*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in residue production - |
| All_Eco | 99.42849715883554 | (m_grain*P_Crop)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_grain*P_Crop)*100 | Economic allocation fraction for the primary crop |
| NCbg_residue | 0.01 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of below-ground barley crop residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| OTHERDATA | 1.0 | — | OTHER DATA - - |
| All_Mass | 89.68951297602851 | (grain_DM/(straw_DM+grain_DM))*100 | Mass allocation fraction for the primary crop |
| Carbon_Straw | 295.8993814656001 | Straw_DM*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by straw CO2 - |
| m_straw | 229.26088440000004 | yield*Res_crop*fremoved | kg Straw - wet mass - |
| Methane_in_burn | 0.7575024165519361 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CH4*44/12 | [kg CO2] Methane as CO2 for balance purposes - |
| EFburn_CO2 | — | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO2 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| NCag_residue | 0.007 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of above-ground barley crop residue - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_straw | 14.79496907328 | (Carbon_Grain+Carbon_Straw+Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_grain)*All_straw/100 | [kg CO2] biogenic carbon exported in barley straw - |
| Carbon_Residue_remaining | 2597.339015086934 | Yield*Res_crop*((1-Fburnt-Fremoved))*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue remaining - |
| Carbon_monoxide_in_burn | 14.771297122762755 | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CO*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon monoxide as CO2 for balance purposes - |
| Fresremaining | 0.5 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction remaining at the time of burning for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Burn_efficiency | 0.96 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Default burning efficiency for residue from crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Allocation | 1.0 | — | Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, - |
| ED_Crop | 18.4 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] Energy density of barley crop - Feedipedia |
| Carbon_deg_before_burn | 197.2662543104 | Yield*Res_crop*Fburnt*(1-Fresremaining)*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kg CO2] Carbon emission from residue set to be burnt by degraded before burn - |
| Yield | 2054.309 | — | (1,2,1,1,1,na) -[kg/ha] yield, calculated from five year average ('18 - '22) - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017-2022 |
| CC_residue | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for barley straw - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |