Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, Gippsland {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U
Unit process v00.00.000
Included processes: The inventory begins with the breeding, growing and maintenance of cattle in the ##State##, ##Region##, and ##Production System##, including pasture, feed inputs, supplements and energy use on farm. The system boundary ends at the farm gate with the production of milk for sale. The direct emissions on the farm are also included. Excluded processes: Indirect land use change and soil organic carbon (SOC) fluxes are not included by default however the details of land use change and SOC flux for the region is included in parameters of the inventory. This inventory has been developed as with support from Australian Government through the National Landcare Programme Innovation Grants for the project ?AusAgLCI - enabling continual improvement of sustainability by life cycle impact assessment (INNOV-033)? which is was undertaken by CSIRO Agriculture and Life Cycle Strategies from 2014-2016. The inventory was updated in 2023 with support from Australian Government through the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program for the project - "Equipping Australian agriculture with sustainability metrics (PRO-017538 )" Production volume: 2057653 kg/yr Activities included: Energy values: 3.1 MJ/kg (gross) Nutritional values: Protein: 3.54%; Carbohydrate: XX%; Fat: 4.40% Geography: Gippsland, Victoria, Australia Technology level: Average Time period: 2018-2022, 5 years Version: 1.2 Record: Data entry by: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: sandra@lifecycles.com.au; company: Lifecycles; Country: AU Generator: Generator/publicator: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: sandra@lifecycles.com.au; company: Lifecycles; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
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- Last updated
- 26 Aug 2024
- Reference ID
5414ad66-0db3-3df4-bbca-1420f099d7f3
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, Gippsland {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Herd structure and product turn-off from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
- Creation date
- 26 Aug 2024
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
-
A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy/2024/Lopez et al.
Australian dairy hygiene handbook/2020/Dairy Australia
Carbon Foootprint Standard/2022/International Dairy Federation
Dairy calf market pathways trends 2010-22/2023/Dairy Australia
Dairy Farm Monitor Project Victoria/2020-2024/Agriculture Victoria
Dairy shed water/2009/Victorian Dept Primary Industries
Drinking water access and quality/2024/Dairy Australia
Genetic evaluation for still birth and preweaning mortality/2024/Axford et al.
Genetic parameters and evaluation of cow turnover/2023/Haile-Mariam et al.
InCalf book for dairy farmers/2017/Dairy Australia
Rearing Healthy Calves/2022/Dairy Australia
Solar PV ready reckoner/2023/Dairy Australia
Water related challenges/2021/RM Consulting Group
Ag Excellence Alliance 2024
Baldock et al. (2009) Building a foundation for soil condition assessment
National Inventory Report Volume 1 2022 (Australian Government 2024)
NSW DPI (2023) Beef Cattle Gross Margin Budget
Slattery et al. 1991 Ash alkalinity
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, Gippsland {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U | 54790.0 | kg | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Quantity of all dairy cattle sold (kg live weight). |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 3038.6983484625052 | kg | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the sold livestock product inventory after allocation. |
| Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, Gippsland , biogenic C not balanced {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U | 54790.0 | kg | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Quantity of all dairy cattle sold (kg live weight). |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| DMI | 2475149.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Dry matter intake. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| BiogenicCO2 | — | SOC_change*3.667*HA_GRAZING*0 | (1,1,3,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total SOC change in units of CO2-eq (t) |
| AF_Lime | -0.02 | — | [kg H+] added due to the system. kMol/t where 50 kg lime removes 1 kMol H which is same as 1 kg Hydrogen ions. (Baldock et al. 2009) |
| Pasture_reno | 48.85 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Area of permanant pasture renovated with over-sowing each year (ha/farm) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| EC_LW | 15.45 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Energy content of liveweight in MJ/kg liveweight. Weighted average of animals sent to slaughter (calves, ED: 27.5 MJ/kg; weaners and heifers, ED: 11 MJ/kg; and mature animals, ED: 15 MJ/kg). Energy content values from the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022. |
| Fuel_use | 8977.292519999999 | Fuel*KG_Tot_MS | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Whole farm fuel use (L) |
| TRANS_cattle | 66.0 | PUR_Bulls/1000*KM_Cattle | (2,1,1,2,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased cattle (t.km). |
| PUR_Bulls | 600.0 | PUR_Bulls_WT*PUR_Bulls_NO | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg) |
| Tot_P_fert | 23.35318181818182 | P_fert/P_in_Super*PR_fert*Milking_area/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total P fertiliser applied as single superphosphate (t) |
| Elec | 0.461 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Electricity (kWh/kg MS) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 20245) and average price from AEMO publications. |
| ID_tag | 25.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Weight of plastic ID tag individual (g) |
| N_LeachGW | 24858.2183 | TotN_LeachGW-(TotN_LeachGW*EFN_Leach) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. N leached to ground water adjusted for N loss from N2O (kg). |
| C_imported | 287178.85 | Hay_purch*CC_Hay+Dairy_conc*CC_Dairy_conc+Tot_Weaner_Pellets*CC_Weaner_Pellets+Molasses*CC_Molasses | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Biogenic carbon in imported feed (kg) |
| BioC_as_CH4_emissions | 45632.34568499999 | (Ent_CH4+Man_CH4+Dam_Ch4)*12/16 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.21 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being emitted as methane |
| Anthelmintics | 1075.9 | (Cows*IntParasites_cows)+(Calves_weaned*IntParasites_weaners) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Number of doses of anthelmintic adimistered for internal parasites |
| All_Milk | 91.7728852838934 | iff(Allocation=1;All_Milk_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Milk_En; iff(Allocation =3; All_Milk_Mass; All_Milk_Pro))) | Allocation based on switch |
| KG_Tot_MS | 157496.36 | KG_Milksolids*Cows | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total milk solids for farm (kg/year) |
| Fuel | 0.057 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fuel (L diesel/kg MS) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and average price from https://fleetautonews.com.au/historical-pump-prices-in-australia/ |
| Total_lime | 1.1890831591020161 | NAAR/(-AF_lime*Lime_purity)/1000 | (2,2,1,1,1,na) Total lime applied (t) to neautralise NAAR |
| KM_Dairy_conc | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| C_exported | 104452.161 | C_milk+C_cattle | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk + livestock carbon exported from the farm (kg/year). |
| KG_MilkSolids | 485.8 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Milk solids (dry matter) per cow (kg/cow/year) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| LEACH_N2O | 434.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from leached N. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Return_Livestock | 0.71 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Net proceeds for livestock sold ($/kg Milk Solids). From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| DM_Dairy_Conc | 0.89 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of dairy concentrate based on supplement composition |
| DM_Cattle | 0.319 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of cattle |
| F_Ovens_VIC | 0.034 | — | Fraction of Ovens, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| All_Livestock_Pro | 13.07653933932249 | (KG_livestock*PC_Lwt)/(KG_livestock*PC_Lwt+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Protein allocation fraction for sold cattle |
| Evap_water_loss_T | 7.8437468 | Evap_water_loss*HA_GRAZING | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Volume of water lost through evaporation from farm dams (ML/farm) |
| AF_potash | — | — | Acid Factor for KCl from internet search - neutral. |
| BioC_Pasture_nett | -128604.44486754472 | BioC_Products+BioC_as_CH4_emissions-BioC_inputs | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - total net additional carbon absorbed via pasture photosynthesis after accounting respiration of cattle etc |
| CC_Hay | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of hay as DM |
| K_in_KCl | 0.52 | — | K concentration in potassium chloride. |
| LandV_clean_acid | 185.5 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Acid milk lines and vat cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| Tot_K_fert | 9.094538461538463 | K_fert/K_in_KCl*Milking_area*PR_fert/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total K fertiliser applied as (t) |
| DM_hay | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of hay |
| KM_Cattle | 110.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for purchased bulls (km). See Durr et al. 2010 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287990558_GIS_mapping_of_cattle_market_service_areas_using_the_National_Livestock_Identification_System_NLIS_-_Final_report |
| CC_cattle | 0.541 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.541 of animal as DM. (Average carbon content of 0.175 C/kg liveweight assuming dressing of 63%, carcase composition of 70% meat, 20% fat and 10% bone; dry matter content of 15% by-product (blood, rumen, heads and hooves), 25% meat, 85% fat and 74% bone; and carbon content of 53% by-product, 53% meat, 76% fat and 7.5% bone.) |
| AF_Molasses | 0.107 | — | Acid factor for molasses (kMol/t) based on web search |
| Molasses | — | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total molasses fed (kg) for energy from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| BioC_CurrentAll_Livestock | 6416.905061537496 | (BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Milk)*All_Livestock/100 | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being apportioned via allocation approach to the cattle product |
| TotalTkmRoad | 195532.73496281862 | (Min_Supp*KM_Lick+Hay_purch*KM_Hay+Molasses*KM_Molasses+Dairy_conc*KM_Dairy_conc+Weaner_pellets*KM_Weaner_pellets+Fuel_use*0.84*KM_fuel)/1000+(Tot_T_Fert*KM_Fert) | (2,3,1,1,1,na) 2.01 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system (tkm). All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks. |
| F_South_East_Coast_NSW_VIC_and_SA | 0.765 | — | Fraction of South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| Evap_water_loss | 0.040142 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/ha/year). Dam density described by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024) with evaporation rate from Bureau of Meteorology 1990-2020. |
| C_added | 182726.68899999998 | C_imported-C_exported | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net carbon added from from farm inputs less carbon exported as liveweight and milk (kg). Assumes soil carbon is stable through the process. Does not account for respiration. |
| AF_Weaner_Pellets | 0.16 | — | Acid factor for dairy concentrate meal fed in sth regions (kMol/kg) based on individual ingredients (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| Weaner_milk | 420.4 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Weaner milk requirement (kg) per animal weaned - deduct from overall FPCM production. From Dairy Australia 2022 Rearing Healty Calves. |
| Calves_weaned | 142.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of calves weaned of both sexes using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024), perinatal mortality rate from Axford et al. 2024 and calf pathways from Dairy Australia 2023 Dariy calf market pathways. |
| Solar | 20150.0 | — | (2,1,1,2,1,na) Solar generation (kWh) from a 30 kW system with 50% adoption across farms (kWh/year) from Dairy Australia 2023 Solar PV ready reckoner. 100% small generation credits sold to market at time of installation. |
| DM_Molasses | 0.775 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of molasses |
| M_Protein | 3.54 | — | Milk protein % from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Milking_area | 123.8 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Milking area (dairy platform) (ha) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| EFN_Leach | 0.011 | — | Emissions factor for proportion of N leached released as N2O. Based on Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Calves_born | 206.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of viable calves born of both sexes using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and pregancy rate from Dairy Australia 2017 InCalf book for dairy farmers. |
| SOC_change | — | — | (1,1,3,1,1,na) Change in Soil Orgnic Carbon t C/ha/year in 0-30cm layer |
| BioC_Actual_Milk | 71349.13093745531 | (FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*MS_Milk*CC_MS | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon actually contained in the milk product being exported as product |
| FERT_N2O | 260.3 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg direct N2O from N fertiliser application. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| No_lime_apps | 0.25 | — | Number of lime applications per year |
| Tot_N_fert | 54.90260869565217 | N_fert/N_in_Urea*Milking_area*PR_fert/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total N fertiliser applied as urea (t) |
| DM_MS | 1.0 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of milk is the same as milk solids |
| NAAR_net | — | NAAR+(total_lime*1000*AF_lime*lime_purity) | (2,2,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Net on farm acidification from imports, exports, fertilisers and lime applied |
| BioC_Actual_Livestock | 9455.603410000002 | KG_livestock*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon actually contained in the cattle product being exported as product |
| AF_Hay | 0.6 | — | Acid factor for hay (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991. |
| All_Milk_Pro | 86.9234606606775 | ((FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)/(KG_livestock*PC_Lwt+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Protein allocation fraction for milk |
| P_fert | 16.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser P (kg/ha/year) applied as single superphosphate 8.8% P. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| CC_Weaner_pellets | 0.46 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of weaner pellets as DM |
| KM_Lick | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| KM_Molasses | 400.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| MAN_SOIL_N2O | 46.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from animal waste applied to soils. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Irrig_offset | 4.13 | — | (2,3,1,2,1,na) Volume of dairy wash water applied to pastures to offset irrigation needs (ML/year). Based on proportion of manure managment system that is slurry to pasture from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| CC_Molasses | 0.42 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.42 of molasses as DM |
| All_Livestock_En | 0.11715964551508733 | EC_LW*KG_livestock/(EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)+EC_LW*KG_livestock) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Energy allocation fraction for livestock traded using the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 method |
| AF_milk | 0.08 | — | Acid factor for whole milk (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991 |
| DM_Weaner_Pellets | 0.87 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of weaner pellets calculated based on feed composition |
| CC_Dairy_conc | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of dairy concentrate as DM |
| DAM_CH4 | 98.22758 | DAM_CH4_ha*HA_GRAZING | (2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total methane emissions form darm dams (kg) (excluding manure fraction which is counted elsewhere) |
| CC_MS | 0.475 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content of 45-50% of milk solids on DM basis from web. |
| Allocation | 1.0 | — | Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, 4 = Protein Allocation. |
| AF_Cattle | 0.34 | — | Acid factor for red meat (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991. |
| All_Livestock_Eco | 8.227114716106604 | Income_Livestock/(income_MS+Income_livestock)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for sold cattle - default for AusLCI |
| Heifers | 103.3 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of heifers carried over post-weaning using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and cow mortality and culling rate from Haile-Mariam et al. 2023. |
| NAAR_Fert | 3.581808023715415 | (Tot_P_Fert*AF_Super)+(Tot_N_Fert*AF_urea) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate from fertilsers (H ion eq/year) |
| Vat_clean_alkal | 55.36 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Alkaline milk vat cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| KG_Livestock | 54790.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Quantity of cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls, culled cows, surplus heifers, dairy beef and bobby calves. Based on herd structure and outputs from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). Based on liveweights for dairy cattle from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Tot_Weaner_Milk | 59907.0 | Calves_weaned*Weaner_milk | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. FPCMilk fed to calves pre-weaning (kg/farm) - deduct from product FPCM total volume |
| AF_Dry_mix | -0.012 | — | Acid factor for urea (kMol/t) assuming 30% urea in dry season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| ID_tags | 5162.5 | Calves_born*ID_tag | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty.. Weight of ID tags total (g) |
| PR_minerals | 0.0167 | — | Proportion of mineral as % of dairy feed concentrate fed. Calculated from concentrate fed from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| BioC_all_Corr_Livestock | 3038.6983484625052 | BioC_Actual_Livestock-BioC_CurrentAll_Livestock | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the sold livestock product inventory after allocation. |
| KM_fert | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| IntParasites_weaners | 3.0 | — | Number of internal parasite treatments for weaners (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024). |
| All_Milk_Eco | 91.7728852838934 | Income_MS/(Income_MS+Income_livestock)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for milk - default for AusLCI |
| BioC_all_Corr_Milk | -2807.7052191896655 | BioC_Actual_Milk-BioC_CurrentAll_Milk | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the milk product inventory after allocation |
| PUR_Bulls_NO | 1.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of replacement bulls purchased per year. Basedon herd structure From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Lime_CO2 | 0.4708769310043983 | Total_lime*Lime_purity*EFC_lime* 44/12 | (1,3,2,1,1,na) 1.08 Uncertainty. [kg CO2eq] Direct emissions from lime applied to soil - National Inventory Report 2022, volume 1, equation 3G_1 |
| BioC_inputs | 255041.52490000002 | Hay_purch*DM_hay*CC_Hay+Molasses*DM_Molasses*CC_Molasses+Tot_Weaner_Pellets*DM_Weaner_Pellets*CC_Weaner_Pellets+PUR_Bulls*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle+Dairy_conc*DM_dairy_conc*CC_dairy_conc | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon added as inputs to the dairy system |
| KM_Weaner_pellets | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| KM_Hay | 200.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for hay (km) |
| PUR_Bulls_WT | 600.0 | — | (2,1,1,2,1,na) Liveweight (kg) of replacement bulls purchased each year. Based on liveweights for dairy cattle from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Weaner_pellets | 91.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Weaner pellets (kg) fed per animal from 3-16 weeks of age. From Dairy Australia 2022 Rearing Healthy Calves. |
| Lime_purity | 0.9 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - fractional purity of limestone NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). |
| AF_super | -0.03 | — | Acid Factor for single superphosphate from the web - slightly alkaline due to gypsum content. |
| N_fert | 204.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser N (kg/ha/year) applied as urea 46% N. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| F_Goulburn_Broken_VIC | 0.001 | — | Fraction of Goulburn-Broken, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| NAAR_Exports | 177.3151088161209 | ((KG_Milk*AF_milk)+(KG_Livestock*AF_Cattle))/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate of exports (H ion eq/year) |
| All_Livestock | 8.227114716106604 | iff(Allocation=1;All_Livestock_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Livestock_En; iff(Allocation =3; All_Livestock_Mass; All_Livestock_Pro))) | Allocation based on switch |
| NAAR_Imports | 159.493419976 | (Min_supp*AF_Dry_mix+Hay_purch*AF_Hay+Dairy_conc*AF_Dairy_conc+Weaner_pellets*AF_Weaner_pellets+Molasses*AF_Molasses)/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate of imports (H ion eq/year) from imported feed. |
| F_Murray_NSW_VIC_and_SA | 0.199 | — | Fraction of Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| Pasture_cut | 23.66 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Area of permanant pasture cut for hay each year (ha/farm) calulated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Build_clean | 1051.8 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) General disinfectant applied with 1% of cleaning wash kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| P_in_Super | 0.088 | — | P concentration in single super phosphate. |
| All_Livestock_Mass | 2.5936789846885926 | KG_livestock/(KG_livestock+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for sold cattle |
| All_Milk_En | 0.8828403544849127 | (EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))/(EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)+EC_LW*KG_livestock) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Energy allocation fraction for FPC milk using the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 method |
| Tot_Weaner_Pellets | 12967.5 | Calves_weaned*Weaner_pellets | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Weaner pellets fed to calves pre-weaning 3-16 weeks of age (kg/farm) |
| IntParasites_cows | 2.0 | — | Number of internal parasite treatments for cows (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024). |
| HA_GRAZING | 195.4 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Useable farm area (dairy platform+support area) (ha) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| All_switch | 1.0 | — | Enable a switch to swap between allocation methods. |
| Irrig_water | 297.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Volume of irrigation water ML/farm/year. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) for area and from RM Consulting Group 2021 for ML/ha |
| Line_clean_alkal | 157.8 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Alkaline milk lines cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| C_milk | 74810.771 | CC_MS*KG_Tot_MS | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Carbon exported in milk (kg/year). |
| Hay_purch | 132974.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total hay purchased off-farm (kg) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| ATMOS_N2O | 113.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from N deposited from atmosphere. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| No_fert_apps | 2.0 | — | Number of fertiliser applications per year (NSW Dept Primary Industries 2005. Fertilisers for Pastures https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/166562/Fertilisers-for-pastures.pdf) |
| K_fert | 38.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser K (kg/ha/year) applied as potassium chloride 51% K. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Cows | 324.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of cows and heifers mated using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| AF_Dairy_conc | 0.14 | — | Acid factor for dairy concentrate meal fed in sth regions (kMol/kg) based on individual ingredients (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| BioC_CurrentAll_Milk | 74156.83615664497 | BioC_Products*All_Milk/100 | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being apportioned via allocation approach to the milk product |
| EC_FPCM | 3.1 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Energy content of FPC milk in MJ/kg FPCM. Energy content values from the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 |
| EFC_lime | 0.12 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) kgC Emission factor for lime - National Inventory Report 2022, Vol 1 (2024) |
| KG_Milk | 1983581.360201511 | KG_Tot_MS/(M_Fat+M_Protein)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk production (kg/farm) at specific fat and protein content for farming system |
| Return_Milk | 7.92 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Net proceeds for milk solids sold ($/kg Mild Solids). From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| PR_fert | 1.0 | — | Proportion of useable are fertilised. |
| Cleaning_Water | 4.9 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Volume of water for cleaning milking equipment, milk vat, dairy building and yards ML/farm/year from Victorian Dept Primary Industries 2009. |
| All_Milk_Mass | 97.4063210153114 | (FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)/(KG_livestock+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for milk |
| N_in_Urea | 0.46 | — | N concentration in urea. |
| Income_livestock | 111822.41559999998 | KG_Tot_MS*Return_Livestock | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm income from livestock sales ($/year) |
| KM_fuel | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| TotN_LeachGW | 25134.7 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) total N leached to ground water (kg). Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| ENT_CH4 | 51235.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from enteric fermentation. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| PC_Lwt | 0.2 | — | Protein content of liveweight. Honig, A.C. et al. 2022 Meat Science 184 doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108685 |
| Income_MS | 1247371.1712 | KG_Tot_MS*Return_Milk | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm income from milk ($/year) |
| MAN_CH4 | 9509.3 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from manure. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Vaccine_vol | 2.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Volume of individual vaccine (ml) |
| FPCM_wt | 2117560.379594962 | KG_milk*((0.1226*M_Fat)+(0.0776*M_Protein)+0.2534) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk production (kg/farm) standardised to Fat Protein Corrected Milk of 4% fat and 3.3% protein as specified in The IDF global Carbon Footprint standard 2022. |
| Elec_use | 92755.82196 | (Elec*KG_Tot_MS)+Solar | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Whole farm electricity use (kWh) |
| Vaccine | 933.4 | (Cows+Calves_weaned)*Vaccine_vol | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml). |
| Water | 17805934.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total drinking water intake (L/year) from Dairy Australia 2024 Drinking water access and quality, adjusted for water content of feed. |
| MS_Milk | 0.073 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Milk solids content of milk based after standardisation to Fat Protein Corrected Milk of 4% fat and 3.3% protein as specified in IDF Global Carbon Footprint Standard 2022. |
| DU_N2O | 290.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from dung and urine. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| DAM_CH4_HA | 0.5027 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Methane emissions form farm dams (kg CH4 ha/yr), calcuted using the temperature based approach descibed by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024). Dam density described by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024). |
| Tot_T_fert | 88.53941213447447 | Tot_P_fert+Tot_K_fert+Tot_N_fert+Total_Lime | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total weight of fertiliser transported to farm (t) |
| Dairy_conc | 570060.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total dairy concentrate ration fed (kg) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| M_Fat | 4.4 | — | Milk fat % from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| NAAR | 21.403496863836295 | (NAAR_Exports+NAAR_Fert)-NAAR_Imports | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm acidification rate (H ion eq/year) before maintenace lime is applied |
| BioC_Products | 80804.7343474553 | KG_livestock*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*MS_Milk*CC_MS | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon exported as products from the dairy system |
| Min_Supp | 9520.002 | Dairy_conc*PR_Minerals | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mineral supplement (kg) for herd based on amount of dairy concentrate fed |
| Refrid_Loss | 1.88 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Refrigerant loss 5%/year for cooling systems (kg/year) for apprpiately sized cooling system and hot water system for herd. |
| C_cattle | 29641.390000000003 | CC_cattle*KG_livestock | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Biogenic carbon in cattle leaving the system as products (kg) |
| AF_urea | 0.078 | — | Acid Factor in kMol/t urea. Based on Upjohn, Fenton & Conyers (2005) with 50% leaching & nitrification. |
| MAN_N2O | 36.4 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from manure managment systems. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| LandV_clean_sanit | 494.6 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Sanitiser milk lines and vat kg/fram/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |