Cereal hay, dryland, Granite Belt {AU-NSW}| cereal hay production | AusLCI, U
Unit process v00.00.000
This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of cereal hay. The yield is 8000 t/ha. Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/. (Hume, I., Renouf, M.A., Eady, S.J., Grant, T., 2025). It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government’s Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Production Volume: 35889 t/yr. Activities included: This activity starts after the harvest of the previous crop. Activities included are: the inputs of seeds, mineral fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation water, all machine operations and corresponding machine infrastructure and sheds. It is assumed that no organic fertilisers are applied. Machine operations are: soil cultivation, sowing, fertilisation, irrigation, weed control, pest and pathogen control, combine-harvest, and drying of grains. Direct field emissions are included. The activity ends after harvest and baling of hay / silage at farm gate. Energy values: 17.8MJ/kg (gross). Nutritional values: Protein: 9%. Carbohydrate: 0%. Fat: 18%. Geography: Central, North Tablelands and Granite belt, NSW, AU. Technology level: Represents current practices as per gross margins reports (AgMargins 2024 & SA Gross Margin Guide 2022). Time period: 2017-2021. Record: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU Generator: Data entry by: Isobel Hume; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; E-mail: office@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 30 May 2025
- Reference ID
9047580b-135a-3864-8895-a9ad9277b660
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Cereal hay, dryland, Granite Belt {AU-NSW}| cereal hay production | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Secondray data compiled from publicly available resources. Validated by expert knowledge to represent typical representative practices and inputs.
- Creation date
- 30 May 2025
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
-
Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia/2014/CSIRO
Soil loss by water erosion in Australia/2016/ Teng, H. et.al.
NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025)/2024/Commonwealth of Australia
AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government
Environment Australia, 1999
Farm Business Planning Tools/2025/Tasmanian Government
Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT
Land Management and Farming in Australia, 2016-17/2018/ABS
Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator/2016/GRDC
SILO climate data/2024/Queensland Government
TraNSIT-Supply Chain Transport and Logistics Dashboard/2025/Australian Gov
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cereal hay, dryland, Granite Belt {AU-NSW}| cereal hay production | AusLCI, U | 7920.0 | kg | — |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - 1.05 Uncertainty. Carbon correction factor in kgCO2eq. Calculated to ensure the carbon balance is maintained after allocation. Source: Land Management and Farming in Australia, 2016-17/2018/ABS |
| Cultivating, broadacre crop, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic cultivation. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Cultivating, broadacre crop, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for cultivating. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Glyphosate {RoW}| glyphosate production | Cut-off, U | 2.0 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Mass of glyphosate applied to cereal hay field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay baling, large square bales, broadacre crop, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.014499999999999999 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic hay baling into square bales. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay baling, large square bales, broadacre crop, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.348 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for hay bailing into square bales. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay baling, round bales, broadacre crop, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.014499999999999999 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic hay bailing. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay baling, round bales, broadacre crop, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.348 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for hay bailing into round bales. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay mowing, broadacre crop, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.04 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic hay mowing. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay mowing, broadacre crop, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.96 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for hay mowing. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay raking, broadacre crop, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.04 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic hay raking. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Hay raking, broadacre crop, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.96 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for hay raking. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Limestone, milled, loose {RoW}| market for limestone, milled, loose | Cut-off, U | 287.8724543999999 | kg | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - 1.24 Uncertainty. Mass of lime applied to cereal hay field. Source: Baldock 2012 |
| Liming, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.01 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic lime application. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Liming, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.24 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for liming. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Monoammonium phosphate {AU}| market for monoammonium phosphate | AusLCI, U | 41.4 | kg | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - 1.24 Uncertainty. Mass of MAP applied to cereal hay field. Source: Baldock 2012 |
| Pesticide, unspecified {RoW}| pesticide production, unspecified | Cut-off, U | 0.36 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Mass of diuron applied to cereal hay field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Pesticide, unspecified {RoW}| pesticide production, unspecified | Cut-off, U | 0.008 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Mass of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to cereal hay field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Pesticide, unspecified {RoW}| pesticide production, unspecified | Cut-off, U | 0.15 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Mass of Propiconazole applied to cereal hay field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Pesticide, unspecified {RoW}| pesticide production, unspecified | Cut-off, U | 0.375 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Mass of MCPA750 applied to cereal hay field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Planting, broadacre crop, soil clay content greater than 20%, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.04 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic planting. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Planting, broadacre crop, soil clay content greater than 20%, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.96 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for planting. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Pumping, irrigation, 70m total pumping head, 100% diesel {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | ML | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Energy used in irrigation.Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Spraying, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, controlled traffic {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.24 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for contolled traffic spraying of crop protection chemicals. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Spraying, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, conventional {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 5.76 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for spraying of crop protection chemicals. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Tillage, rolling {RoW}| tillage, rolling | Cut-off, U | 1.0 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Operational inputs for tillage. Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Transport, truck, 3,5 to 16t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 91.43309088 | t*km | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - 1.24 Uncertainty. Total transport of inputs to region. |
| Travel spray boom irrigation system, production, per ha {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 1.0 | ha | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - 1.09 Uncertainty. Irrigation infrastructure.Calculated as: number of times each ha is processed over a year * number of ha. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Urea ammonium nitrate {AU}| market for urea ammonium nitrate | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | kg | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - 1.24 Uncertainty. Mass of UAN applied to cereal hay field. Source: Baldock 2012 |
| Urea {AU}| market for urea | AusLCI, U | 125.0 | kg | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - 1.24 Uncertainty. Mass of urea applied to cereal hay field. Source: Baldock 2012 |
Elementary flow inputs
| Flow | Sub-compartment | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide, in air | in air | 24058.02666666667 | kg | Atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the plant. Calculated. |
| Occupation, annual crop, non-irrigated | land | 1.0 | ha*a | Actual land used for the cropping |
| Occupation, annual crop, non-irrigated, fallow | land | 0.21999999999999997 | ha*a | Crop fallow as a part of crop rotation allocated across all crops in the rotation |
| Transformation, from annual crop, non-irrigated | land | 1.0 | m2 | No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC |
| Transformation, to annual crop, non-irrigated | land | 1.0 | m2 | No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC |
Elementary flow outputs
| Flow | Compartment | Sub-compartment | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammonia | Emission to air | low population density | 8.2314056 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Direct emissions from fertilizers. Ammonia emissions. Total mass of N applied * fraction of nitrogen volatilized * conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Antimony, ion | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Arsenic, ion | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Butadiene | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Cadmium (II) | Emissions to soil | agricultural | 0.00023223999999999996 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 2 Uncertainty. Mass of metal cadmium contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil. Source: |
| Cadmium (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon dioxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Annual soil carbon change. By default the switch is set to 0 to not soil carbon change. To include the value for soil carbon change set the switch to 1. The results still contain significant uncertainty and should be used with extreme care. This value was calculated using APSIM for the agroecological region for the current rotations of crops in this area. Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon dioxide, fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 91.66666666666667 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Emissions from urea application. Reported as biogenic due to the ecoinvent background process used. Carbon applied with urea x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon dioxide, fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 113.99749194239996 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty.Direct emissions caused by the application of lime to soil to counteract acidification. (M lin applied to neautralise NAAR * lime EF form NIR 22) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon dioxide, from soil or biomass stock | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | This flow intentionally set to zero. Carbon fluxes from direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method Source: |
| Carbon dioxide, non-fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 13835.946666666669 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues - Residue which is not removed, and not burnt is assumed to degrade to biogenic carbon dioxide. Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon dioxide, non-fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CH4 emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon monoxide, non-fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CO emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carfentrazone ethyl ester | Emission to air | low population density | 0.00008 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to field that is lost as emissions to air. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to air. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Carfentrazone-ethyl | Emissions to water | river | 0.00000984 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to field that is lost as emissions to fresh water. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to water. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Carfentrazone-ethyl | Emissions to soil | forestry | 0.0005328 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Carfentrazone-ethyl | Emission to soil | agricultural | 0.007376799999999999 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Chromium (VI) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Cobalt II | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Copper, ion | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x nitrogen content above ground x N2O emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.1347266022432 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Fertilizers leaching. Nitrous oxide emissions. Total mass of N applied * fraction of nitrogen available for leaching * fraction of nitrogen leaching * emission factor * conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.6209657766400001 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from residues above ground nitrogen yield x quantity of plant residue x dry matter content x carbon content x nitrogen content x (1-fraction of residues burnt - fraction of residues removed) x emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.7600730910176 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Direct emissions from fertilizers. Nitrous oxide emissions. Total mass of N applied * emission factor * conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Nitrous oxide production from mineralisation due to loss of soil carbon, NIR 2022 Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | low population density | 0.083608040011936 | kg | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Indirect emissions from fertilizers. Nitrous oxide emissions. Total mass of N applied * fraction of nitrogen volatilized * emission factor * conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Diuron | Emissions to water | river | 0.0004428 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of diuron applied to field that is lost as emissions to fresh water. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to water. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Diuron | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0036 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of diuron applied to field that is lost as emissions to air. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to air. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Diuron | Emissions to soil | forestry | 0.023976 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of diuron applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Diuron | Emission to soil | agricultural | 0.331956 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of diuron applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Glyphosate | Emissions to soil | forestry | 0.1332 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of glyphosate applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Glyphosate | Emission to air | low population density | 0.02 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of glyphosate applied to field that is lost as emissions to air. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to air. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Glyphosate | Emission to soil | agricultural | 1.8441999999999998 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of glyphosate applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Glyphosate | Emissions to water | river | 0.00246 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of glyphosate applied to field that is lost as emissions to fresh water. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to water. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Lead (II) | Emissions to soil | agricultural | 0.00012958999999999998 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 2 Uncertainty. Mass of metal lead contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil. Source: |
| Lead (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| MCPA dimethylamine salt | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.00375 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of MCPA750 applied to field that is lost as emissions to air. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to air. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| MCPA dimethylamine salt | Emissions to soil | forestry | 0.024975000000000004 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of MCPA750 applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| MCPA dimethylamine salt | Emission to soil | agricultural | 0.34578749999999997 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of MCPA750 applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| MCPA dimethylamine salt | Emissions to water | river | 0.00046124999999999996 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of MCPA750 applied to field that is lost as emissions to fresh water. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to water. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Manganese (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Mercury (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Mercury (II) | Emissions to soil | agricultural | 0.00000052025 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 2 Uncertainty. Mass of metal mercury contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil. Source: |
| Methane, non-fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Methane emission from water storage for irrigation Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Methane, non-fossil | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CH4 emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x NMVOC emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Nickel (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Nitrate | Emission to water | river | 34.149665875843205 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) Fertilizers leaching. Nitrous oxide emissions. Calculated as: Total mass of N applied x fraction of N available for leaching x fraction of N leaching from NIR x (1-N reemitted to air) x conversion factor.NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Nitrogen oxides | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x nitrogen content above ground x NOx emission factor x conversion factor Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Nitrogen oxides | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Particulates, < 10 um | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Phosphate | Emission to water | ground water | 0.13771774800000003 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) 1.51 Uncertainty. Phosphorus leaching to ground water 0.07kg P per ha.a as phosphate PO4. Ecoinvent report on agriculture. |
| Phosphate | Emission to water | surface water | 0.1184069968795 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) 1.51 Uncertainty. Phosphorus run-off to surface waters. 2.3 is used to convert P quantity to P2O5. Nemecek 2007 ecoinvent methodology. |
| Phosphorus | Emission to water | river | 0.0037449816902064004 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) 1.51 Uncertainty. Phosphorus emissions through erosion by water to surface waters. ecoinvent report on agriculture. |
| Propiconazole | Emissions to water | river | 0.00018449999999999999 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of Propiconazole applied to field that is lost as emissions to fresh water. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to water. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Propiconazole | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0015 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of Propiconazole applied to field that is lost as emissions to air. Calculated as: mass applied to field * fraction lost as emissions to air. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Propiconazole | Emission to soil | agricultural | 0.138315 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of Propiconazole applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Propiconazole | Emissions to soil | forestry | 0.00999 | kg | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -1.09 Uncertainty. Fraction of Propiconazole applied to field that is lost as emissions to agricultural soil. Calculated as: mass applied to field * (fraction lost to agricultural soil where crop is being grown + fraction lost to other agricultural lands (off-field)). Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Selenium IV | Emission to air | low population density | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Soil loss by erosion into water | Emissions to water | — | 2254.5810000000006 | kg | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - 1.05 Uncertainty. [kg ha-1 y-1] Average annual soil erosions to water. Based on revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE)2016/Teng, H. et.al. |
| TOC, Total Organic Carbon | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Zinc (II) | Emissions to air | low. pop. | 0.0 | kg | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - 1.5 Uncertainty.Emissions from burning residues = yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x fraction burnt* emission factor from NPI workbook/1000. (pg 13 Environment Australia, Aggregated Emmissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires.1999) Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| hydrogen ions | Emissions to soil | agricultural | 0.0000000000000008881784197001252 | kg | (4,3,1,1,1,na) - 1.22 Uncertainty. Acidity added due to the entire crop system. Crops addition, fertiliser addition, imported crop addition and addition from lime. Calculated as: sum of all acidity sources Source: |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hg_in_UAN | 0.000297 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Mercury content (only accounting for Cd content in Urea, which is 35% of UAN) - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| NAAR_Cropimport | — | 0 | [kgH+] kg H+ accounts and nitrogen irons imported with other biogenic material such as stubble or compost from outside the field - Calculated |
| GLYP_appl | 2.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -[kg] Mass of glyphosate applied to field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| EF_Arsenic | 0.0000255 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Carbon_balance | -0.0000000000018189894035458565 | Carbon_Absorb_Crop+Carbon_Absorb_Residue-Carbon_burning-Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg-Carbon_deg_before_burn-Carbon_Residue_remaining-Carbon_Grain-Carbon_Straw-Carbon_monoxide_in_burn-Methane_in_burn | [kgCO2] Balance check of all biogenic carbons - Calculated |
| Allocation | 1.0 | — | Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, - |
| Biogenic_carbon_Allocation_adjust_grain | — | (Carbon_Grain-Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain)/(All_Grain/100) | [kgCO2] kg carbon correction factor for the determining product (cereal hay) - Calculated |
| Nb_Planting_clay20 | 1.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of planting operations (soil clay content >20%) - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| CC_crop | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for cereal hay crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EF_Cobalt | 0.0000935 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Frac_Multi_till | 0.216 | — | (3,2,3,2,1,na) - % of area with multiple tillage operations - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018 |
| AshAlkalinity_Straw | 0.4 | — | (4,3,1,1,1,na) - [kmol/t] Alkalinity of straw co-product removed - Baldock et al. 2009. Building a foundation for soil condition assessment. CSIRO Land and Water Science Report. |
| Cd_in_UAN | 0.175 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Cadmium content (only accounting for Cd content in Urea, which is 35% of UAN) - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| NAAR_FERT | 0.42970417920000004 | M_MAP*AF_MAP*N_In_MAP+M_Urea_Tot*AF_Urea*N_in_Urea+M_UAN*AF_UAN*N_in_UAN | [kmolH+] Total mass of H+ applied through fertilizers. Calculated as: sum of (mass of nitrogen fertilizer x Acid factor per fertiliser) - Calculated |
| AF_UAN100L | 0.036 | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of UAN with 100 % leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| EF_Antimony | 0.000391 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| MCPA750_appl | 0.375 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -[kg] Mass of MCPA750 applied to field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Carbon_monoxide_in_burn | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CO*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon monoxide as CO2 for balance purposes - Calculated |
| Frac_No_till | 0.576 | — | (3,2,3,2,1,na) - % of area under low till practices - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018 |
| Burn_efficiency | 0.96 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Default burning efficiency for residue from crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Yield | 8000.0 | — | (1,2,1,1,1,na) -[kg/ha] yield, calculated from five year average ('18 - '22) - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017-2022 |
| fracS_Pb | 1.0 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Fraction of heavy metals from fertilizers released in soil - |
| Dam_EF | 201.0 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) -[kg] Emission factor for methane emitted from dams (151 kg CH4/ha/year) multipled by the elemental to molecular conversion for methane (1.333) - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025) |
| N_Mineralised | — | Soil_C_loss*soil_NC_frac | [Kg N] The amount of N released from SOC mineralisation - Calculated |
| EF_Nickel | 0.000153 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Total_area | 4490.0 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - [ha] Total area - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017-2022 |
| EF_Cadmium | 0.000527 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| AF_UAN | 0.00455328 | AF_UAN0L*(1-FracN_Leach*FracWET)+AF_UAN100L*(FracN_Leach*FracWET) | [kmolH+/kgN] Acid factor of UAN taking account of the fraction of N being leached - Calculated |
| M_Lime | 287.8724543999999 | NAAR_Tot/(-AF_Lime*lime_purity) | [kg] Mass of lime required to balance out acidity to soil from NAAR. Adjusted to account for the purity of limestone (90% of limestone is lime) - Calculated |
| AF_UAN0L | — | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of UAN with 0 % leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| EF_N_Direct | 0.00784904 | EFN_DS_nonirrc_b600mm*fracRainb600mm+(1-fracRainb600mm)*EFN_DS_nonirrc_a600mm | [kgN2O-N/kgN] N2O emission factor for direct emissions from synthetic fertilizers applied to non-irrigated crop, where percentage of cultivation area with rainfall <600mm = ##FRAC <600mm## - National Inventory Report 2014, Vol 1 (2016) climate data source from Queensland Government, 2023 |
| M_Urea_SOC | — | Iff(Soil_C_loss<0;(soil_C_Loss/11)/0.46;0) | When soil carbon increases there is a demand for additional nitrogen which is assumed to be supplied by urea. |
| FracSoil | 0.83 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) - Primary partitioning fraction of crop protection AI deposited on agricultural soil on the field of application - Calculated using consensus model based on Pest LCI |
| Soil_C_loss | — | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - [kgC/ha/a] Annual soil carbon change. This value was calculated using APSIM for the agroecological region for the current rotations of crops in this area. The results still contain significant uncertainty and should be used with extreme care - Zhongkui Liu (CSIRO, unpublished) |
| M_tot_supply | 457.16545439999993 | M_MAP+M_Urea_Tot+M_UAN+M_PestChem+M_Lime | [kg] Total mass of products transported to the farm gate - Calculated |
| Nb_Haybaling_round | 0.725 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of hay baling operations - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| Fresremaining | — | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction remaining at the time of burning for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| PROPI_appl | 0.15 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -[kg] Mass of Propiconazole applied to field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| DM_residue | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg residue] Dry matter content of cereal hay residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| P_crop | 300.0 | — | (1,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - CSIRO, 2025 |
| ED_Straw | 17.8 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] energy density of cereal hay straw - Feedipedia |
| m_straw | — | yield*Res_crop*fremoved | [kg] Total wet mass of straw - Calculated |
| EFburn_NOx | 0.21 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for NOx - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| N_in_UAN | 0.32 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Nitrogen fraction in UAN - |
| Soil_C_Change_Switch | — | — | By default the switch is set to 0 to not soil carbon change. To include the value for soil carbon change set the switch to 1. The results still contain significant uncertainty and should be used with extreme care. - |
| AF_MAP | 0.04055328 | AF_MAP0L*(1-FracN_Leach*FracWET)+AF_MAP100L*(FracN_Leach*FracWET) | [kmolH+/kgN] Acid factor of MAP, taking account of the fraction of N being leached - Calculated |
| Carbon_burning | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*Fburnt*CC_residue*Burn_efficiency*EFBurn_CO2*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon emission from residue burnt - Calculated |
| M_MAP | 41.4 | — | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - [kg] Quantity of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) applied - Baldock 2012 |
| Fremoved | — | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of the crop removed in the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| NFERT | 61.64 | M_MAP*N_in_MAP+M_Urea_Tot*N_in_Urea+M_UAN*N_in_UAN | [kg N] Total mass of N applied. Calculated as: sum of (mass of nitrogen fertilizer x nitrogen content) - Calculated |
| EF_Chromium_VI | 0.000264 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| EF_Copper | 0.000187 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Grain_DM | 6969.6 | m_crop*DM_Crop | [kg] Total dry mass of grain - Calculated |
| EF_Selenium | 0.0000425 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Straw_DM | — | m_straw*DM_residue | [kg] Total dry mass of straw - Calculated |
| Carbon_Grain | 10222.08 | Grain_DM*CC_crop*44/12 | [kgCO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by grain - Calculated |
| All_Mass | 100.0 | (grain_DM/(straw_DM+grain_DM))*100 | [%] Mass allocation fraction for Culled cattle - Calculated |
| Replace1stGlyphosate | 0.64 | iff(No_add_tillage<1;No_add_tillage;1) | Additional tillage - Switch |
| soil_NC_frac | 0.09090909090909091 | 1/(10+1) | fraction of N to C in soil, based on a CN ratio of 1:10 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Hg_in_MAP | 0.01 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Mercury content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| Supply_distance | 200.0 | — | (4,3,1,3,1,na) - [km] average distance to supply farm inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, lime) - |
| EFN_DS_nonirrc_b600mm | 0.0029 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] N2O emission factor for direct emissions from synthetic fertilizers applied on non-irrigated crop with rainfall <600mm - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| DIUR_appl | 0.36 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -[kg] Mass of diuron applied to field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| Nb_raking | 1.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of hay raking opperations - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| CUrea | 25.0 | M_Urea_Tot*C_in_Urea | [kgC] Total mass of carbon applied through urea. Calculated as: mass of urea x carbon content in urea - Calculated |
| N_in_MAP | 0.1 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Nitrogen fraction in MAP - IFA Fertilizer Industry Federation of Australia Environment report 2010 |
| EF_Particulate_matter | 8.5 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| NCag_residue | 0.006 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of above-ground cereal hay crop residue - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Res_ab_crop | 0.37 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kg/kg] Below ground/above ground residue ratio for cereal hay crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| No_add_tillage | 0.64 | Frac_No_till*0+Frac_Min_till*1+Frac_Multi_till*2 | Additional tillage - Switch |
| Nb_Spraying | 6.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number spraying applications (pre & post-emergence) - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| CN_soil_ratio | 10.0 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) Soil Carbon:Nitrogen ration - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025) |
| All_Straw_En | — | (straw_DM*ed_straw)/(ed_Straw*straw_DM+grain_DM*ED_crop)*100 | [%] Allocation to prime cattle based on energy content - Calculated |
| fracS_Cd | 1.0 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Fraction of heavy metals from fertilizers released in soil - |
| EF_Lead | 0.000434 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| PFERT | 9.108 | M_MAP*P_in_MAP | [kg P] Total mass of P applied. Calculated as: sum of (mass of phosphorus fertilizer x phosphorus content) - Calculated |
| Methane_in_burn | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_crop*Burn_efficiency*Fburnt*CC_residue*EFburn_CH4*44/12 | [kgCO2] Methane as CO2 for balance purposes - Calculated |
| Surface | 1.0 | — | [ha] - |
| OTHERDATA | 1.0 | — | OTHER DATA - - |
| Nb_Liming | 0.25 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of liming events - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| All_Straw_Eco | — | (m_straw*P_straw)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_crop*P_crop)*100 | [%] Economic allocation fraction for prime cattle - default for AusLCI - Calculated |
| EFburn_CO | 0.078 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EF_Butadieneb | 0.0492 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| FracOF_NatSoil | 0.0666 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) - Primary partitioning fraction of crop protection AI deposited to natural soils - Calculated using consensus model based on Pest LCI |
| EFN_leachS | 0.011 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] IPCC emission factor for N leaching and runoff from synthetic fertiliser - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| All_Straw_Mass | — | (straw_DM)/(straw_DM+grain_DM)*100 | [%] Mass allocation fraction for prime cattle - Calculated |
| RUSLE_LS | 1.58 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - L = Slope length factor and S is slope steepness factor - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra et al 2018 |
| RUSLE_P | 1.0 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - P = Practice factor - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra et al 2019 |
| Carbon_Residue_remaining | 10792.038400000001 | Yield*Res_crop*((1-Fburnt-Fremoved))*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon emission from residue remaining - Calculated |
| Replace2ndGlyphosate | — | iff(No_add_tillage>1;No_add_tillage-1;0) | Additional tillage - Switch |
| FracN_Leach | 0.24 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgN] Default fraction of N lost through leaching and runoff - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Fburnt | 0.22 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of residues burnt for the AER - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| FracN_GASF | 0.11 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgN] IPCC default fraction of synthetic fertiliser N that volatilised as NH3- N and NOx-N - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| m_crop | 7920.0 | yield-Seed_input | [kg] Total wet mass of grain - Calculated |
| ED_crop | 17.8 | — | (1,1,3,3,2,na) -[MJ/kg DM ] Energy density of cereal hay crop - Feedipedia |
| P_in_soil | 0.000366 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - [kgP/tsoil] P content in soil in the AER of cropping - Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia |
| Pb_in_Urea | 0.01 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg] Lead content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| FracRainb600mm | 0.0296 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) - Percentage of cultivation area with rainfall <600mm - SILO, Queensland Government, 2024 |
| DM_crop | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [kg dry weight/kg crop] Dry matter content of cereal hay crop - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Carbon_deg_before_burn | 3043.9082666666673 | Yield*Res_crop*Fburnt*(1-Fresremaining)*DM_residue*CC_residue*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon emission from residue set to be burnt by degraded before burn - Calculated |
| EF_Mercury | 0.000111 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| EF_Oxides_of_nitrogen | 2.21 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| FracWet | 0.527 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - Fraction of area of AER where leaching occurs i.e. evapo-transpiration:rainfall ratio is <0.8 or >1. Climate data sourced from the Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia - Climate data sourced from the Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia |
| Duration | 1.22 | — | (3,1,1,1,1,na) - [y] duration that one cycle of the crop uses the land, including fallow period. - |
| AF_MAP100L | 0.072 | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of urea with 0 % leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| Carbon_not_burnt_in_burn_deg | — | Yield*Res_crop*Fresremaining*DM_residue*(1-Burn_efficiency)*Fburnt*CC_residue*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon emission from fraction of carbon not burnt in the burn - Calculated |
| Carbon_Absorb_Residue | 13835.946666666669 | (Yield*Res_crop*DM_residue*CC_residue)*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in residue production - Calculated |
| Nb_Rolling | 1.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of hay rolling opperations - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| CARF_appl | 0.008 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) -[kg] Mass of carfentrazone-ethyl applied to field. Source: AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT |
| M_Urea_tot | 125.0 | M_urea+(M_urea_SOC*Soil_C_Change_switch) | [kg] Total urea applied to field - |
| EFburn_CO2 | — | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO2 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EFN_mineral | 0.0041 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] emission factor for N emissions from mineralisations - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EFN_residues | 0.005 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] IPCC emission factor for N emissions from residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EF_Zinc | 0.000714 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Biogenic_CO2sent_out_with_grain | 10222.08 | (Carbon_Grain+Carbon_Straw)*All_Grain/100 | [kgCO2eq] Biogenic carbon exported in cereal hay - Calculated |
| N_in_urea | 0.46 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Nitrogen fraction in urea - |
| RUSLE | 2.2545810000000004 | RUSLE_R*RUSLE_K*RUSLE_LS*RUSLE_P*RUSLE_C | [t/ha/y] Average anual soil erosions to water. ) - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra etal 2016 |
| EF_TOC | 5.5 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Cd_in_Urea | 0.5 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Cadmium content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| Pb_in_MAP | 3.1 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg] Lead content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| Carbon_Absorb_Crop | 10222.08 | (((Yield-seed_input)*DM_crop*CC_crop))*44/12 | [kgCO2] Carbon dioxide absorbtion in grain net grain production (excluding seed input) - Calculated |
| FracOF_AgSoil | 0.0921 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) - Primary partitioning fraction of crop protection AI deposited on agricultural soil outside the field of application - Calculated using consensus model based on Pest LCI |
| PbFERT | 0.00012958999999999998 | (M_MAP*Pb_in_MAP+ M_Urea_Tot*Pb_in_Urea+M_UAN*Pb_in_UAN)*1e-6 | [kgPb] Total amount of Pb applied: mass of fertilizer x Pbcontent in fertilizer - Calculated |
| AF_MAP0L | 0.036 | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of MAP with 0% leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| P_in_MAP | 0.22 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Phosphorus fraction in MAP - IFA Fertilizer Industry Federation of Australia Environment report 2010 |
| AF_Lime | -0.02 | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+] Acid factor of lime - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| RUSLE_R | 1510.0 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - [MJ mm ha-1 hr-1 y-1] R= Rainfail - runoff erosivity factor. - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra et al 2016 |
| AF_Urea100L | 0.036 | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of urea with 100 % leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| Hg_in_Urea | 0.00085 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Mercury content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| DLUC_value | — | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na) - [tCO2eq/ha/year] Annual direct CO2 emissions from land use change - Blonk 2016 |
| All_Straw | — | iff(Allocation=2; All_straw_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_straw_Mass;All_straw_Eco)) | Allocation to straw - Switch |
| Seed_input | 80.0 | — | (3,3,2,3,2,na) - [kg/ha] of seed - |
| RUSLE_K | 0.027 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - [t ha hr ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1] K= Soil erodibility factor - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra et al 2017 |
| All_Grain | 100.0 | iff(Allocation=2; All_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Mass;All_Eco)) | Allocation to wheat - Switch |
| Frac_Min_till | 0.208 | — | (3,2,3,2,1,na) - % of area under no till practices - Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018 |
| NCbg_residue | 0.01 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN/kgDM] Nitrogen content of below-ground cereal hay crop residues - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| HgFERT | 0.00000052025 | (M_MAP*Hg_in_MAP+ M_Urea_Tot*Hg_in_Urea+M_UAN*Hg_in_UAN)*1e-6 | [kgHg] Total amount of Hg applied: mass of fertilizer x Hgcontent in fertilizer - Calculated |
| FracOF_FW | 0.00123 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) - Primary partitioning fraction of crop protection AI deposited to fresh water - Calculated using consensus model based on Pest LCI |
| Res_crop | 1.34 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kg crop residue/kg crop]] Residue/crop ratio for cereal hay - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| RUSLE_C | 0.035 | — | (1,3,3,1,1,na) - C = Cover factor - Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) derrived from GIS layer provided in Teng, Viscarra et al 2020 |
| EFC_lime | 0.12 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) -[kgC /kg] Emission factor for lime - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025) |
| DLUC_switch | — | — | By default the switch is set to 0 to not include direct land use change. To include the value for direct land use change set the switch to 1. Direct land use change calculation approach is still uncertain - |
| M_PestChem | 2.893 | CARF_appl+DIUR_appl+GLYP_appl+MCPA750_appl+PROPI_appl | [g] Cumulative mass of all the pesticides applied on field. - Calculated |
| Nb_Cultivating | — | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of cultivations - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| NAAR_Crop | 4.752 | (AshAlkalinity_crop*m_crop+AshAlkalinity_straw*m_straw)/1000 | [kgH+] Acidity added due to plant removal - Calculated |
| AF_Urea | 0.00455328 | AF_Urea0L*(1-FracN_Leach*FracWET)+AF_Urea100L*(FracN_Leach*FracWET) | [kmolH+/kgN] Acid factor of urea taking account of the fraction of N being leached - Calculated |
| AshAlkalinity_Crop | 0.6 | — | (4,3,1,1,1,na) - [kmol/t] Alkalinity of cereal hay removed - Baldock et al. 2009. Building a foundation for soil condition assessment. CSIRO Land and Water Science Report. |
| CdFERT | 0.00023223999999999996 | (M_MAP*Cd_in_MAP+ M_Urea_Tot*Cd_in_Urea+M_UAN*Cd_in_UAN)*1e-6 | [kgCd] Total amount of Cd applied: mass of fertilizer x Cdcontent in fertilizer - Calculated |
| AF_Urea0L | — | — | (2,2,2,2,1,na) - [kmolH+/kg N] Acid factor of MAP with 100% leaching - Maintenance Lime Rate Calculator PIRSA, 2016 |
| NAAR_Tot | 5.1817041792 | NAAR_Crop + NAAR_Cropimport+NAAR_fert | [kgH+] Total mass of H+ added due to the system - Net addition (-ve = subtraction) of H+ in kg - Calculated |
| FracAir | 0.01 | — | (3,2,4,2,4,na) - Primary partitioning fraction of crop protection AI releaesd to air - Calculated using consensus model based on Pest LCI |
| EFburn_CH4 | 0.0035 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for CH4 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| M_UAN | — | — | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - [kg] Quantity of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) applied, calculated using the Generic Yield and N Calculator - Baldock 2012 |
| fracS_Hg | 1.0 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - Fraction of heavy metals from fertilizers released in soil - |
| EF_Manganese | 0.00107 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| All_Eco | 100.0 | (m_crop*P_crop)/(P_Straw*m_straw+m_crop*P_crop)*100 | [%] Economic allocation fraction for culled cattle - default for AusLCI - Calculated |
| Water_irr | — | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - [ML] Volume of irrigation applied - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| CC_residue | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - [KgC/kgDM] Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for cereal hay straw - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| EFN_DS_nonirrc_a600mm | 0.008 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] N2O emission factor for direct emissions from synthetic fertilizers applied on non-irrigated crop with rainfall >600mm - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Pb_in_UAN | 0.0035 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg] Lead content (only accounting for Cd content in Urea, which is 35% of UAN) - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| EFburn_N2O | 0.0076 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for N2O - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Nb_Hay_mowing | 1.0 | — | (2,2,1,2,2,na) - Number of hay mowing opperations - AgMargins reports/2021/Queensland Government & Farm Gross Margin Guide/2024/SAGIT adjusted by expert opinion |
| Cd_in_MAP | 4.1 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [mg/kg ] Cadmium content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008 |
| M_Urea | 125.0 | — | (3,1,1,1,3,na) - [kg] Quantity of urea applied. This is the base amount of urea applied without accounting for N mineralisation that may occur with SOC change. - Baldock 2012 |
| EFburn_NMVOC | 0.0091 | — | (2,3,2,3,1,na) - [Gg element in species/Gg element in fuel burnt] Emission factor from crop residues burning for NMVOC - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025). |
| Lime_purity | 0.9 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - fractional purity of limestone NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). |
| P_Straw | 50.0 | — | (4,1,1,2,1,na) -[AUD] Australian dollars per tonne - |
| All_En | 100.0 | (grain_DM/(straw_DM+grain_DM))*100 | [%] Allocation to culled breeders based on energy content - Calculated |
| EF_Carbon_monoxide | 59.0 | — | (3,1,5,3,2,na) - [g/kg] emission factor from NPI workbook/1000 - pg 13, Environment Australia, Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed burning and Wildfires, 1999 |
| Dam_area | — | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) -[ha] Surface area of farm dams for irrigation - ABARES land use classification, ausdams.org |
| CT_frac | 0.04 | — | Fraction of the region managed with controlled traffic - CSIRO practice survey |
| C_in_urea | 0.2 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) - C content in urea - |
| Lime_CO2 | 113.99749194239996 | M_lime*EFC_lime*lime_purity*(44/12) | [kg CO2eq] Direct emissions from lime applied to soil - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025), volume 1, equation 3G_1 |
| Carbon_Straw | — | Straw_DM*CC_residue*44/12 | [kgCO2] Biogenic carbon absorbed by straw - Calculated |