Beef raw hide {AU}| cattle processing | AusLCI, U
Unit process Australia v00.00.000
Include all activities taking place at the abattoir, as well as the rendering process to result in the production of meat and co-products of offals, raw hides, pet food and rendered products (meat and bone meal, blood meal and tallow). Management of by-products (gut content) is also included. Representative of an average Australian abattoir, the source data is representative of 68% of national red meat production (bovine and ovine). All activities is expressed per kilogram of Hot Carcase Standard Weight (HCSW), a common industry measure. The dressing rate can be used to convert the HCSW into liveweight (LW). At the abattoir, the hot carcase is allowed to cool down, a process during which it will shrink through moisture loss, reported as chilling loss by the industry. The cold carcase is then processed into retail cuts. The proportion of retail cut produced from a cold carcase is referred to as the retail yield. It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government's Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/ Reference flow: 1 kilogram of hot carcase standard weight Production volume: 1868988 tonnes/yr Activities included: The activity starts with the delivery of cattle to the abattoir and ends ends once end products are ready to be delivered (abattoir gate). Energy values: Undefined Nutritional values: Undefined Geography: Australia Technology level: Current Time period: 2020-2025 Record: Paul-Antoine Bontinck; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU Generator: Paul-Antoine Bontinck; Tel: +61(0)3 9417 1190; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company: Life Cycle Strategies; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 10 Jun 2025
- Reference ID
b3bea6e6-f410-3ad3-ac34-241929186e60
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Beef raw hide {AU}| cattle processing | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Data collected from secondary sources, including industry reports and statistics
- Creation date
- 10 Jun 2025
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
-
Australian Food Composition Database/2025/Food Standards AU NZ
Co-product market reports/2024/MLA
Edible offal as a valuable source of nutrients/2024/Latoch A.
Environmental Performance Review/2025/AMPC
Meat retail price/2024/MLA
Supply chain transport and logistics dashboard/2025/CSIRO
Beef co-product compendium/2009/MLA
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beef raw hide {AU}| cattle processing | AusLCI, U | 0.10536691444157235 | kg | Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.153 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.33 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass. |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beef raw hide , biogenic C not balanced {AU}| cattle processing | AusLCI, U | 0.10536691444157235 | kg | mass of liveweight animal required to produce one kilogram of hot carcase weight, calculated using the dressing rate. |
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.01803243509583844 | kg | Allocation correction for retail cuts - which is the only product for which biogenic carbon has been rebalanced in this inventory. For the other coproducts a subsequent balancing process is used. |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| total_culled_breeders | 572847406.7 | — | [kg LW] Total mass of culled breeders, as calculated in the relevant market process |
| road | 332.4602665 | — | (3,1,1,1,na,na)[km] Weighted average of distance between property/feedlot/saleyard and the abattoir. As reported in CSIRO's TraNSIT model (https://benchmark.transit.csiro.au/) |
| CH4_WWT | 0.001991786 | — | (2,2,1,1,na,na)[kg/kg HSCW] Calculated from direct emissions from wastewater reported in AMPC (2025) |
| energy_offal | 19.36635 | — | (3,na,1,1,na,na)[MJ/kg] Calculated based on the fat and protein content, as reported in Latoch, A. et al. (2024) Edible offal as a valuable source of nutrients in the diet - a review, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111609 |
| energy_petFood | 19.36635 | — | (3,na,1,1,4,na)[MJ/kg] Assumed equal to offal |
| biomass | 0.150015 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| value_hide | 0.2528361 | — | (2,1,1,1,na,na)[AU$/kg] Average value per hide for CY24 calculated based on monthly reported value in MLA Co-product market reports, https://www.mla.com.au/prices-markets/Trends-analysis/co-product-market-reports/. The weight of one hide was estimated as 28 kg, based on data reported in Figure 4.1 of ACCC (2017) |
| DM_hide | 0.319 | — | Dry matter fraction |
| FR_retailCut | 0.39767513 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio between saleable boneless meat and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| All_Pro_offal | 4.753179184505008 | FR_offal*protein_offal/total_protein*100 | Protein based allocation to offal |
| All_En_RenderFeedstock | 36.364872127329875 | FR_RenderFeedstock*energy_RenderFeedstock/total_energy*100 | Energy based allocation |
| All_En_offal | 4.226540137079347 | FR_offal*energy_offal/total_energy*100 | Energy based allocation |
| gasoline | 0.002055 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Pro_petFood | 0.8242507728808838 | FR_petFood*protein_petFood/total_protein*100 | Protein based allocation to pet food |
| total_spent_dairy | 2374981.0 | — | [kg LW] Total mass of spent dairy cattle, as calculated in the relevant market process |
| All_En_hide | 1.782010727407032 | FR_hide*energy_hide/total_energy*100 | Energy based allocation |
| All_Mass_RenderFeedstock | 44.191343926164194 | FR_RenderFeedstock/total_mass*100 | Mass based allocation |
| All_SWITCH | — | — | 0: economic; 1: mass; 2: energy; 3: protein |
| HCW | 1.0 | — | [kg] Mass of hot carcase standard weight (HCSW) |
| energy_hide | 5.045 | — | [MJ/kg] Calculated based on the protein and fat content |
| value_RenderFeedstock | — | — | [AU$/kg] Assumed to be nill |
| All_Mass_offal | 4.192313323374047 | FR_offal/total_mass*100 | Mass based allocation |
| CC_livecattle | 0.541 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.541 of animal as DM. (Average carbon content of 0.175 C/kg liveweight assuming dressing of 63%, carcase composition of 70% meat, 20% fat and 10% bone; dry matter content of 15% by-product (blood, rumen, heads and hooves), 25% meat, 85% fat and 74% bone; and carbon content of 53% by-product, 53% meat, 76% fat and 7.5% bone.) |
| total_protein | 0.1311413409685951 | FR_retailCut*protein_retailCut+FR_offal*protein_offal+FR_hide*protein_hide+FR_petFood*protein_petFood+FR_RenderFeedstock*protein_RenderFeedstock | — |
| P | 0.023 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[g/L] Phosphorous release to rivers after treatment, from AMPC (2025) |
| DM_gutfill | 0.1 | — | Estimate |
| All_RenderFeedstock | — | iff(All_SWITCH=0;All_Eco_RenderFeedstock;iff(All_SWITCH=1;All_Mass_RenderFeedstock;iff(All_SWITCH=2;All_En_RenderFeedstock;All_Pro_RenderFeedstock))) | Selected allocation to render feedstock based on allocation switch - default is economic |
| All_Eco_offal | 1.527275712408163 | (FR_offal*value_offal)/total_value*100 | Economic allocation used as default in AusLCI |
| water_total | 7.3 | water_ground+water_tap+water_surface | [L/t HCSW] Total water consumption |
| BioC_Inputs | 0.29721938903749867 | LW*DM_Livecattle*CC_Livecattle | kg biogenic carbon imported in with input animals |
| All_hide | 0.14859309715022329 | iff(All_SWITCH=0;All_Eco_hide;iff(All_SWITCH=1;All_Mass_hide;iff(All_SWITCH=2;All_En_hide;All_Pro_hide))) | Selected allocation to hides based on allocation switch - default is economic |
| value_retailCut | 25.66940575 | — | (2,1,1,1,na,na)[AU$/kg] Reported value for CY24, MLA (2024) Australian retail meat prices, https://www.mla.com.au/prices-markets/statistics/ |
| DM_RenderFeedstock | 0.319 | — | Dry matter fraction |
| FR_RenderFeedstock | 0.39846174 | — | (2,1,1,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of all material going to rendering (inedible offals, whole blood, etc) and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2024) |
| LPG | 0.06987 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| diesel | 0.018495 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| BioC_all_corr_hide | 0.01803243509583844 | BioC_Actual_hide-BioC_Curr_All_hide | Biogenic carbon correction to adjust the effects of allocation in kg C |
| All_Eco_hide | 0.14859309715022329 | (FR_hide*value_hide)/total_value*100 | Economic allocation used as default in AusLCI |
| All_Eco_retailCut | 98.05928567599975 | (FR_retailCut*value_retailCut)/total_value*100 | Economic allocation used as default in AusLCI |
| energy_RenderFeedstock | 15.80743365 | — | (3,na,4,1,na,na)[MJ/kg] Calculated based on the energy content of tallow, meat meal and blood meal, and yield of those materials from processing waste, as reported in Wiedemann and Yan (2014) |
| retailCut_rate | 0.674074074 | — | (2,1,5,1,1,na)[kg retail cut/kg HCSW] Calculated as the ratio between the mass of retail cut and the hot carcase weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| FR_hide | 0.061180789 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of hide and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| FR_petfood | 0.006555085 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of pet food and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| electricity | 0.175817 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[kWh/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| total_mass | 0.901673732 | FR_retailCut+FR_offal+FR_hide+FR_petFood+FR_RenderFeedstock | — |
| All_Pro_retailCut | 36.6922363112965 | FR_retailCut*protein_retailCut/total_protein*100 | Protein based allocation to retail cuts |
| BioC_Actual_hide | 0.018184116727412117 | FR_hide*CC_hide*DM_hide*LW | Biogenic carbon which should actually be allocated through to hides in kg C |
| All_petFood | 0.26484551444187293 | iff(All_SWITCH=0;All_Eco_petFood;iff(All_SWITCH=1;All_Mass_petFood;iff(All_SWITCH=2;All_En_petFood;All_Pro_petFood))) | Selected allocation to pet food based on allocation switch - default is economic |
| CC_retailcut | 0.541 | — | — |
| FR_offal | 0.037800988 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of edible offal and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| renewable | 0.001713 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[kWh/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Eco_RenderFeedstock | — | (FR_RenderFeedstock*value_RenderFeedstock)/total_value*100 | Economic allocation used as default in AusLCI |
| FR_moistureLoss | 0.013110169 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of moisture loss and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| WW_landapp | 0.5 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[-] Fraction of wastewater applied to agricultural land from AMPC (2025) |
| prime_cattle_FR | 0.7267758935646269 | total_prime_cattle/total_cattle_heads | — |
| DM_Livecattle | 0.319 | — | Dry matter fraction of cattle |
| BioC_Curr_All_hide | 0.00015168163157367595 | (BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_retailcut)*all_hide/100 | Biogenic carbon currently being allocated to hide before correct is applied - in kg C |
| value_petFood | 4.2060053 | — | (3,1,1,1,4,na)[AU$/kg] Assumed to be equal to offal value |
| protein_hide | 0.275 | — | [kg protein/kg] as reported by Sarker M.I. (2018) Preservation of bovine hide using less salt with low concentration of antiseptic, Part I: Effectiveness of developed formulation |
| fuelOil | 0.047265 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kgHCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| water_tap | 5.621 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[L/kg HCW] Water consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| DM_offal | 0.319 | — | Dry matter fraction |
| All_En_petFood | 0.7329260773413324 | FR_petFood*energy_petFood/total_energy*100 | Energy based allocation |
| BioC_Products | 0.27533296870931473 | (FR_retailCut*CC_retailcut*DM_retailcut+FR_offal*CC_offal*DM_Offal+FR_hide*CC_hide*DM_hide+FR_petfood*CC_Petfood*DM_petfood+FR_RenderFeedstock*CC_RenderFeedstock*DM_RenderFeedstock+FR_gutFill*CC_gutfill*DM_gutfill)*LW | kg biogenic carbon in outputs of all products in the inventory before applying allocation |
| BioC_Actual_retailcut | 0.11819675917400785 | FR_retailCut*CC_retailcut*DM_retailcut*LW | The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated to retail cuts in kg C. |
| dressing_rate | 0.580645161 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[kg HCSW/kg LW] Calculated as the ratio between the hot carcase weight and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| WW_river | 0.09 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[-] Fraction of wastewater released to river from AMPC (2025) |
| value_offal | 4.2060053 | — | (2,1,1,1,na,na)[AU$/kg] Reported value for CY24, in MLA's Monthly co-product market reports for a range of edible offals |
| total_value | 10.410114858864866 | FR_retailCut*value_retailCut+FR_offal*value_offal+FR_hide*value_hide+FR_petFood*value_petFood+FR_RenderFeedstock*value_RenderFeedstock | [$/kg] Calculated based on value of each output and fraction of live weight |
| All_Pro_hide | 12.829453207306365 | FR_hide*protein_hide/total_protein*100 | Protein based allocation to hide |
| water_surface | 0.584 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[L/kg HCW] Water consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| waste_misc | 0.0215 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[kg/kg HCW] Waste production from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Eco_petFood | 0.26484551444187293 | (FR_petFood*value_petFood)/total_value*100 | Economic allocation used as default in AusLCI |
| BioC_all_corr_retailcut | -0.17325445060673406 | BioC_Actual_Retailcut-BioC_all_retailcut | This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for retail cuts rs in kg C. |
| total_energy | 17.320719553362103 | FR_retailCut*energy_retailCut+FR_offal*energy_offal+FR_hide*energy_hide+FR_petFood*energy_petFood+FR_RenderFeedstock*energy_RenderFeedstock | — |
| CC_gutfill | 0.5 | — | Estimate |
| N | 0.013 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[g/L] Nitrogen release to rivers after treatment, from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Pro_RenderFeedstock | 44.900880524011235 | FR_RenderFeedstock*protein_RenderFeedstock/total_protein*100 | Protein based allocation to render feedstock |
| total_prime_cattle | 1530091068.0 | — | [kg LW] Total mass of prime cattle, as calculated in the relevant market process |
| spent_dairy_FR | 0.0011280890233090434 | total_spent_dairy/total_cattle_heads | — |
| CC_hide | 0.541 | — | Carbon content 0.0 of wet season mix |
| All_En_retailCut | 56.8936509308424 | FR_retailCut*energy_retailCut/total_energy*100 | Energy based allocation |
| wastewater_generation | 6.497 | water_total*wastewater_FR | [L/t HCSW] Total wastewater generation |
| BioC_all_retailcut | 0.2914512097807419 | LW*DM_Livecattle*CC_Livecattle*All_retailCut/100 | Biogenic carbon allocated to retail cuts in kg C. |
| CC_RenderFeedstock | 0.541 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.5 as DM |
| natural_gas | 0.75213 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| protein_retailCut | 0.121 | — | (3,na,1,1,na,na)[kg protein/kg] Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2025) Australian Food Composition Database, F000473: Beef, all cuts, separable fat, raw |
| coal | 0.223995 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kg HCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| DM_retailcut | 0.319 | — | — |
| culled_breeders_FR | 0.2720960174120641 | total_culled_breeders/total_cattle_heads | — |
| WW_sewer | 0.41 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[-] Fraction of wastewater released to sewer from AMPC (2025) |
| protein_petFood | 0.1649 | — | (3,na,1,1,4,na)[kg protein/kg] Assumed equal to offal |
| biogas | 0.15207 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[MJ/kgHCW] Energy consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Mass_retailCut | 44.10410505337866 | FR_retailCut/total_mass*100 | Mass based allocation |
| CC_offal | 0.541 | — | Carbon content 0.0 of dry season mix |
| waste_undefined | 0.0215 | — | (2,2,1,1,na,na)[kg/kg HSCW] Average waste production from AMPC (2025) |
| protein_offal | 0.1649 | — | (3,na,1,1,na,na)[kg protein/kg] Latoch, A. et al. (2024) Edible offal as a valuable source of nutrients in the diet - a review, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111609 |
| CC_Petfood | 0.541 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.4 as DM, NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) |
| All_retailCut | 98.05928567599975 | iff(All_SWITCH=0;All_Eco_retailCut;iff(All_SWITCH=1;All_Mass_retailCut;iff(All_SWITCH=2;All_En_retailCut;All_Pro_retailCut))) | Selected allocation to retail cuts |
| LW | 1.7222222230833335 | HCW/dressing_rate | [kg LW/kg HCSW] Mass of live weight animal required to product 1000 kg of hot carcase |
| energy_retailCut | 24.78 | — | (3,na,1,1,na,na)[MJ/kg] Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2025) Australian Food Composition Database, F000473: Beef, all cuts, separable fat, raw |
| water_ground | 1.095 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[L/kg HCW] Water consumption from AMPC (2025) |
| wastewater_FR | 0.89 | — | (2,2,1,1,1,na)[-] Fraction of raw water which is released as wastewater, sourced from AMPC (2025) |
| All_Mass_hide | 4.192313323374047 | FR_offal/total_mass*100 | Mass based allocation |
| All_Mass_petFood | 0.7269907913874993 | FR_petFood/total_mass*100 | Mass based allocation |
| protein_RenderFeedstock | 0.147777342 | — | (3,na,4,1,na,na)[kg protein/kg] Calculated based on the protein content of tallow, meat meal and blood meal, and yield of those materials from processing waste, as reported in Wiedemann and Yan (2014) |
| DM_petfood | 0.319 | — | Dry matter fraction |
| FR_gutFill | 0.085216099 | — | (2,1,5,1,na,na)[kg/kg LW] Calculated as ratio of gut fill and live weight, based on information reported in MLA (2009) |
| total_cattle_heads | 2105313455.7 | total_prime_cattle+total_culled_breeders+total_spent_dairy | — |
| All_offal | 1.527275712408163 | iff(All_SWITCH=0;All_Eco_offal;iff(All_SWITCH=1;All_Mass_offal;iff(All_SWITCH=2;All_En_offal;All_Pro_offal))) | Selected allocation to offal based on allocation switch - default is economic |