Broccoli, winter, Lockyer Valley, at farm {AU}| | AusLCI, U

Unit process Australia v00.00.000

Included processes: The inventory includes the processes of growing banana, ratoon cycle on arable land. Machine infrastructure is included. Inputs of fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation as well as transports to the farm are considered. The direct emissions on the field are also included. The system boundary is at the field gate. The product of growing banana, ratoon cycle is banana. All further processes after the field gate like transport to the storage, storage, packaging, etc. are excluded. Remark: This inventory has been developed as part of the AusAgLCI initiative funded by a partnership of Australian Research and Development Corporations (RIRDC, CRDC, GRDC, SRDC, HAL, MLA, DA, FWPA) and Research Agencies (CSIRO, USQ and Q DAFF), with technical support from Life Cycle Strategies. The emission factors and other minor updates have been applied in 2025 as part of a joint project of AgriFutures Australia and Lifecycles. LCAgMetrics was one of a suite of projects funded by the Federal Government's Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant Round, as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. More detail on inventory development can be found in the 'AusAgLCI Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' documents located at www.auslci.alcas.asn.au. Inventory refers to the production of 7.2t of banana on 1 ha over 0.31 year. ; Geography: Refers to an average production in the Lockyer Valley. Technology: Average Time period: Data collected for 2012 EFs updated 2025 Version: 2.0 Record: Data entry by: Sandra Eady, Jonathan Hercule ; Telephone: +61 2 6776 1394; E-mail: sandra.eady@csiro.au ; Company: CSIRO Livestock industries; Country: AU Generator: Data entry by: Sandra Eady, Jonathan Hercule ; Telephone: +61 2 6776 1394; E-mail: sandra.eady@csiro.au ; Company: CSIRO Livestock industries; Country: AU

Sector
Material
Contributor
—
Last updated
24 Sep 2013
Reference ID
bf8c16e2-c5ff-3527-aad0-f015fb7ed91c

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Documentation

Quantitative reference
Broccoli, winter, Lockyer Valley, at farm {AU}| | AusLCI, U
Sampling procedure
Sampling procedure: Data in this process was sourced from the Queensland DEEDI 'Brassica Information Kit. Agrilink, your growing guide to better farming guide' (http://era.deedi.qld.gov.au/1965/). The Gross Margin information is used to derive the calendar of operations and the types and levels of inputs (herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers) for the production system. Emissions of N2O to air from the fertilizer N inputs were based on the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI) unless specified. Due to the structure of background processes, on farm emissions from urea are reported as biogenic CO2. N fixation from legumes is excluded. Emissions of pesticides into the environment follow the ecoinvent approach. Option for using water and air partitioning factors based on PestLCI is included. PestLCI is a tool developed by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), adapted to Australia. Selected growing region for banana, ratoon cycle is: Agroecological zone 16 - Brisbane - Moreton . Biological pesticides are excluded. Application rates for inputs are indicative of typical rates used and recommended by industry, they are not statistical averages.
Creation date
24 Sep 2013
Is copyright protected
No
Is infrastructure process
No
Tags
material
Sources
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Product outputs

Flow AmountUnitComment
Broccoli, winter, Lockyer Valley, at farm {AU}| | AusLCI, U 7200.0 kg —

Technical inputs

Flow AmountUnitComment
Ammonium sulfate {AU}| market for ammonium sulfate | AusLCI, U 232.0 kg mass ammonium sulphate
Bed forming, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 2.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Boom spraying, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 5.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Calcium ammonium nitrate {AU}| market for calcium ammonium nitrate | AusLCI, U 100.0 kg mass calcium ammonium nitrate
Fertiliser spreading, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Harrowing, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Harvesting, specialised machine, horticulture, 150 kW combine {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Inter-row tractor, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Mancozeb {GLO}| market for mancozeb | Cut-off, U 0.825 kg mass Mancozeb
Offset disc harrowing, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 2.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Pesticide, unspecified {GLO}| market for pesticide, unspecified | Cut-off, U 0.36036 kg mass Oxyfluorfen
Pesticide, unspecified {GLO}| market for pesticide, unspecified | Cut-off, U 0.0912 kg mass Spinosad
Potassium sulfate {AU}| market for potassium sulfate | AusLCI, U 124.0 kg mass potassium sulphate
Pumping, irrigation, 65m total pumping head, 100% electricity, QLD {AU}| | AusLCI, U 3.5 ML Energy for irrigation
Ripping, medium implement, horticulture {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha number of times ha is processed x surface
Seedling, for transplant, at nursery {AU}| | AusLCI, U 40000.0 Item(s) quantity of Seedling, for transplant, at nursery {AU}| | AusLCI, U
Solid set sprinkler irrigation system, production, per ha {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 ha Irrigation infrastructure
Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U 10025.531200000001 kg*km —
Triple superphosphate {AU}| market for triple superphosphate | AusLCI, U 44.0 kg mass triple superphosphate

Elementary flow inputs

Flow Sub-compartment AmountUnitComment
Carbon dioxide, in air in air 21121.92 kg atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the plant yield (1+Residue ratio) x quantity of plant residue x dry matter content x carbon content x conversion factor
Occupation, annual crop land 0.31 ha*a Land use x duration
Water, unspecified natural origin, Condamine-Balonne, NSW and QLD, AU — 3.5 ML water used for irrigation

Elementary flow outputs

Flow CompartmentSub-compartment AmountUnitComment
Ammonia Emission to airlow population density 8.5759388 kg Direct emissions from fertilizers - Ammonia emissions Nitrogen applied x fraction of nitrogen volatilized x conversion factor
Cadmium (II) Emissions to soilagricultural 0.00006496 kg mass of metal Cadmium contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil
Carbon dioxide, non-fossil Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CH4 emission factor x conversion factor
Carbon dioxide, non-fossil Emission to airlow population density 12673.152 kg Emission of carbon dioxide from residue breakdown. Includes residues removed assuming they breakdown shortly there after as these removed residues are not treated as coproducts in this instance. Quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues not burnt x dry matter content x carbon content x conversion factor
Carbon monoxide, non-fossil Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CO emission factor x conversion factor
Dinitrogen monoxide Emission to airlow population density 0.0943317947 kg Indirect emissions from fertilizers - Nitrous oxide emissions Nitrogen applied x fraction of nitrogen volatilized x emission factor x conversion factor
Dinitrogen monoxide Emission to airlow population density 0.8575617700000001 kg Direct emissions from fertilizers - Nitrous oxide emissions Nitrogen applied x emission factor x conversion factor
Dinitrogen monoxide Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x nitrogen to carbon ratio x N2O emission factor x conversion factor
Dinitrogen monoxide Emission to airlow population density 0.21717503999999999 kg emissions from residues yield x quantity of plant residue x dry matter content x carbon content x nitrogen to carbon ratio x (1-fraction of residues burnt - fraction of residues removed) x emission factor x conversion factor
Dinitrogen monoxide Emission to airlow population density 0.2663485968 kg Fertilizers leaching - Nitrous oxide emissions Nitrogen applied x fraction of nitrogen available for leaching x fraction of nitrogen leaching x emission factor x conversion factor
Lead (II) Emissions to soilagricultural 0.00010903999999999999 kg mass of metal Lead contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil
Mancozeb Emission to waterunspecified 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 applied x fraction released in water
Mancozeb Emission to soilagricultural 0.825 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 applied x fraction released in soil
Mancozeb Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 applied x fraction released in air
Mercury (II) Emissions to soilagricultural 0.00000232 kg mass of metal Mercury contained in fertilizer x fraction released in soil
Methane, non-fossil Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x CH4 emission factor x conversion factor
NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds Emissions to airlow. pop. 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x NMVOC emission factor x conversion factor
Nitrate Emission to waterriver 67.5123949968 kg Fertilizers leaching - Nitrous oxide emissions Nitrogen applied x fraction of nitrogen available for leaching x fraction of nitrogen leaching from NGGI x (1-nitrogen reemitted to air) x conversion factor
Nitrogen oxides Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg emissions from burning residues yield x quantity of plant residue x fraction of residues remaining at time of burning x dry matter content x burning efficiency x carbon content x nitrogen to carbon ratio x NOx emission factor x conversion factor
Oxyfluorfen Emission to airlow population density 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 applied x fraction released in air
Oxyfluorfen Emission to waterunspecified 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 applied x fraction released in water
Oxyfluorfen Emission to soilagricultural 0.36036 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 applied x fraction released in soil
Phosphorus Emission to waterground water 0.09940770000000002 kg Phosphorus leaching to ground water ecoinvent report on agriculture
Phosphorus Emission to waterriver 0.25398667350000004 kg P run-off to surface waters ecoinvent report on agriculture
Phosphorus Emission to waterriver 0.048313314 kg P emissions through erosion by water to surface waters ecoinvent report on agriculture
Spinosad Emissions to airlow. pop. 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 applied x fraction released in air
Spinosad Emission to soilagricultural 0.0912 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 applied x fraction released in soil
Spinosad Emission to waterunspecified 0.0 kg mass of active ingredient AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 applied x fraction released in water

Parameters

NameValueFormulaDescription
___IRRIGATION 1.0 — ****DATA FOR IRRIGATION
Q_Seedling_1 40000.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [p] Seedling - broccoli seedlings for transplant
Surface 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [ha] of land use -
PestLCIA_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 0.00386764 — fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
N_in_NH4SO4 0.21 — nitrogen in ammonium sulphate
___END_DATA 1.0 — ****END INPUT DATA
PFERT 8.8 M_TSP*P_in_TSP Total amount of P applied: sum of (mass of phosphorous fertilizer x phosphorous content)
fracA_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIA_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
M_KSO4 124.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] KSO4 (310 g/kg KSO4 in 400 kg CK77) -
Nb_Bedforming 2.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Bed forming - for land preparation
PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 1.0 — default fraction released in soil
PestLCIW_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 0.00000139 — fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
NC_crop 0.008 0.008 Elemental N:C ratio (by mass) for other_crops residues - NGGI 2009
fracS_Cd 1.0 — fraction released in soil
Nb_Fert_spreading 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Fertiliser spreading - pre-planting fertilising
Ser 0.441 — [t/ha.a] Quantity of soil eroded - Cs-derived soil erosion rates for agroecological zone AE16 - Horticulture - seasonal
fracS_Pb 1.0 — fraction released in soil
DM_crop 0.8 0.8 dry matter content of other_crops residues - NGGI 2009
CdFERT 0.00006496 M_NH4SO4*Cd_in_NH4SO4*1e-6 [kg] Total content in Cadmium (Cd) in Fertilizers
M_TSP 44.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] TSP (110 g/kg TSP in 400 kg CK77) -
Pb_in_NH4SO4 0.47 — mg/kg Lead content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008-09
Burn_efficiency 0.96 — Default burning efficiency for residue from crop - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
EFburn_CH4 0.0035 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for CH4 - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
Water_Solid_set 3.5 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [ML] water use for irrigation solid set 12m spacing
Switch_PestLCI — — if = 1, switch to use PestLCI values
CC_crop 0.4 0.4 Carbon mass fraction in dry matter for other_crops residues - NGGI 2009
HgFERT 0.00000232 M_NH4SO4*Hg_in_NH4SO4*1e-6 [kg] Total content in Mercury (Hg) in Fertilizers
Fremoved — — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - % of crop residues removed from field (NGGI default value for other crops is 5%) -
PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 1.0 — default fraction released in soil
___PESTICIDES_BY_AI 1.0 — ****DATA FOR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
PestLCIA_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 0.00386756 — fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
M_CaN 100.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] calcium ammonium nitrate - 2 *50 kg through water
Nb_Harvesting_150kW 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Harvesting, 150 kW combine - 2 tractors of 50hp in alternance, 3 to 4 bins per tractor, manual cutting and constantly returning to cold room, small fuel use = 1 coverage
M_tot_supply 501.27656 M_NH4SO4+M_KSO4+M_TSP+M_CaN+M_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02+M_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04+M_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 [kg] products transported to the farm gate
fracS_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 1.0 (1-Switch_PestLCI)*PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 default fraction released in soil
EFburn_CO 0.078 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
NFERT 64.22 M_NH4SO4*N_in_NH4SO4+M_CaN*N_in_CaN Total amount of N applied: sum of (mass of nitrogen fertilizer x nitrogen content)
Nb_Boomspraying 5.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Boom spraying pre & post-emergence - 1 herbicide, 4 pesticides
FracWet 1.0 — Zone not subject to leaching and runoff but dueto irrigation runoff is assumed to happen
PestLCIW_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 0.52761788 — fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
EFburn_CO2 0.9185 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for CO2 - -derived from Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
___LIME 1.0 — ****DATA FOR LIME/DOLOMITE
Cd_in_NH4SO4 0.28 — mg/kg Cadmium content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008-09
Yield 7200.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg/ha] yield - 900 icepacks, 8kg per icepack
Nb_Tractor_interrow 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Inter-row tractor - 50hp tractor for seedlings transplanting, no specific machinery, only a trailer, manually transplanted
fracS_Hg 1.0 — fraction released in soil
fracA_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIA_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
UC_N2ONtoN2O 1.571 — Multiply to convert N2O-N to N2O
fracW_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIW_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
M_AI_CAS_42874033_S0_M02 0.36036 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] Oxyfluorfen (adjusted to account for active ingredient dilution: 252 g/kg Oxyfluorfen in 1.43 kg GOAL) - applied month February at development stage pre-emergence - 1 application , pre-planting
M_NH4SO4 232.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] NH4SO4 (580 g/kg NH4SO4 in 400 kg CK77) -
M_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 0.0912 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] Spinosad (adjusted to account for active ingredient dilution: 228 g/kg Spinosad in 0.4 kg Success) - applied month April at development stage development of harvestable plant parts - assumed to be applied before harvest period.
EF5 0.011 — Emission factor for nitrogen leaching and runoff from synthetic fertilizer - leaching and runoff -- Australia's National Inventory Report 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
UC_CH4CtoCH4 1.333 — Multiply to convert CH4-C to CH4
UC_NO3NtoNO3 4.429 — Multiply to convert CH4-C to CH4
UC_NH3NtoNH3 1.214 — Multiply to convert NH3-N to NH3
___OTHERDATA 1.0 — ****OTHER DATA
fracW_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIW_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
P_in_TSP 0.2 — % P in triple super phosphate - FIFA Fertilizer Industry Federation of Australia Environment report 2010.
Duration 0.31 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [y] duration that one cycle of the crop uses the land, including fallow period. - 16 weeks including: 4 weeks land preparation (cultivating, fertilising, slashing... ) and 12 weeks planting to harvest Sandra: starts March, finishes October, continual planting
UC_NOxNtoNOx 3.286 — Multiply to convert NOx-N to NOx
EFburn_N2O 0.0076 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for N2O - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
UC_PtoP2O5 4.581 — —
Nb_Ripping_medium 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Ripping, medium implement - for land preparation
fracS_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 1.0 (1-Switch_PestLCI)*PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 default fraction released in soil
___NPK_FERTILISERS 1.0 — ****DATA FOR N/P/K FERTILISERS
PestLCIW_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 0.000002 — fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
___PESTICIDES 1.0 — ****DATA FOR PESTICIDES
FracN_eutro — — kgN/kgN - fraction of nitrogen from fertilizers leaching in water - to be estimated from BiosEquil model
fracW_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIW_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 fraction released in water - data from PESTLCI
PbFERT 0.00010903999999999999 M_NH4SO4*Pb_in_NH4SO4*1e-6 [kg] Total content in Lead (Pb) in Fertilizers
___OTHER_CHEMICALS 1.0 — ****DATA FOR OTHER CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
EF1 0.0085 — Emission factor for nitrogen from synthetic fertilizer for Horticulture/vegetables - direct emissions - Nattional Inventory Report 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) table 5.19
FracGASF 0.11 — Fraction of synthetic fertiliser N that volatilised as NH3- N and NOx-N - indirect emissions - National Inventory Report 2023 (2025)
Fburnt — — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - % of crop residues burnt (NGGI default value for other crops is 8%) -
Hg_in_NH4SO4 0.01 — mg/kg Mercury content - Vic DPI fertiliser survey 2008-09
Nb_Harrowing_offset 2.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Offset disc harrowing - for land preparation
FracLEACH 0.24 — IPCC default fraction of N lost through leaching and runoff - leaching and runoff - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_168316958_SII_M04 1.0 — default fraction released in soil
EFN_residues 0.005 — kgN2O-N/kgN - N emissions from residues - National Inventory Report 2203 (2025)
EF4 0.0085 — Emission factor for nitrogen from synthetic fertilizer for Horticulture/vegetables - indirect emissions same as direct emission factor - Australia's National Inventory Report 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) table 5.19
Nb_Harrowing 1.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - Number of times the field is processed with Harrowing - power harrowing
Fresremaining — — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - % fraction of crop residue remaining at burning (NGGI default value for other crops is 50%) -
UC_NMVOCCtoNMVOC 1.167 — Multiply to convert NMVOC-C to NMVOC
fracA_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 — Switch_PestLCI*PestLCIA_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
___MANURE 1.0 — ****DATA FOR MANURE
N_in_CaN 0.155 — nitrogen fraction in calcium nitrate
fracS_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 1.0 (1-Switch_PestLCI)*PestDefaultS_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 default fraction released in soil
EFburn_NOx 0.21 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for NOx - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)
M_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 0.825 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [kg] Mancozeb (adjusted to account for active ingredient dilution: 750 g/kg Mancozeb in 1.1 kg Dithane M45) - applied month May at development stage development of harvestable plant parts - used to cure disease on leaves or edible parts - 2.2KG applied but only in 50% of cases
Res_crop 1.5 1.5 residue/crop ratio for other_crops - NGGI 2009
PestLCIA_AI_CAS_8018017_SII_M05 0.00391518 — fraction released in air - data from PESTLCI
___MACHINERY_BROADACRE 1.0 — ****DATA FOR MACHINERY BROADACRE
Supply_distance 20.0 — (1,3,1,1,1,na) - [km] average distance to supply farm inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, lime) - Assumption: supply comes from Cairns
___MACHINERY_COTTON 1.0 — ****DATA FOR MACHINERY BROADACRE
___MACHINERY_HORTICULTURE 1.0 — ****DATA FOR MACHINERY HORTICULTURE
UC_CtoCO2 3.667 — Multiply to convert C to CO2
UC_COCtoCO 2.333 — Multiply to convert CO-C to CO
EFburn_NMVOC 0.0091 — Emission factor from crop residues burning for NMVOC - Australia's National Inventory Report (DCCEEW 2025)