Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, South West VIC {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U
Unit process v00.00.000
Included processes: The inventory begins with the breeding, growing and maintenance of cattle in the State, Region, and Production System detailed, including pasture, feed inputs, supplements and energy use on farm. The system boundary ends at the farm gate with the production of cattle for sale in three classes - culled cattle (Cast For Age cows and bulls), prime cattle (heifers, feeder steers and finished steers) and weaner cattle (female and male). The direct emissions on the farm are also included. Excluded processes: Indirect land use change and soil organic carbon (SOC) fluxes are not included by default however the details of land use change and SOC flux for the region is included in parameters of the inventory. This inventory has been developed as with support from Australian Government through the National Landcare Programme Innovation Grants for the project ?AusAgLCI - enabling continual improvement of sustainability by life cycle impact assessment (INNOV-033)? which is was undertaken by CSIRO Agriculture and Life Cycle Strategies from 2014-2016. The inventory was updated in 2023 with support from Australian Government through the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program for the project - "Equipping Australian agriculture with sustainability metrics (PRO-017538 )" Technology: Average Time period: 2018-2022, 5 years Version: 1.2 Record: Data entry by: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: sandra@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU Generator: Generator/publicator: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: sandra@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 26 Aug 2024
- Reference ID
ccf64c83-6ad9-3068-a9f6-b32967acd682
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, South West VIC {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Herd structure and product turn-off from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
- Creation date
- 26 Aug 2024
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
-
A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy/2024/Lopez et al.
Australian dairy hygiene handbook/2020/Dairy Australia
Carbon Foootprint Standard/2022/International Dairy Federation
Dairy calf market pathways trends 2010-22/2023/Dairy Australia
Dairy Farm Monitor Project Victoria/2020-2024/Agriculture Victoria
Dairy shed water/2009/Victorian Dept Primary Industries
Drinking water access and quality/2024/Dairy Australia
Genetic evaluation for still birth and preweaning mortality/2024/Axford et al.
Genetic parameters and evaluation of cow turnover/2023/Haile-Mariam et al.
InCalf book for dairy farmers/2017/Dairy Australia
Rearing Healthy Calves/2022/Dairy Australia
Solar PV ready reckoner/2023/Dairy Australia
Water related challenges/2021/RM Consulting Group
Ag Excellence Alliance 2024
Baldock et al. (2009) Building a foundation for soil condition assessment
National Inventory Report Volume 1 2022 (Australian Government 2024)
NSW DPI (2023) Beef Cattle Gross Margin Budget
Slattery et al. 1991 Ash alkalinity
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, South West VIC {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U | 64758.3 | kg | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Quantity of all dairy cattle sold (kg live weight). |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon correction factor {AU}| | AusLCI, U | -1000.1418252692583 | kg | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the sold livestock product inventory after allocation. |
| Cattle for slaughtering, live weight, South West VIC , biogenic C not balanced {AU-VIC}| milk production, from cow | AusLCI, U | 64758.3 | kg | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Quantity of all dairy cattle sold (kg live weight). |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tot_Weaner_Pellets | 14714.699999999999 | Calves_weaned*Weaner_pellets | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Weaner pellets fed to calves pre-weaning 3-16 weeks of age (kg/farm) |
| F_South_East_Coast_NSW_VIC_and_SA | 0.898 | — | Fraction of South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| Pasture_cut | 105.53 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Area of permanant pasture cut for hay each year (ha/farm) calulated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| LandV_clean_sanit | 595.1 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Sanitiser milk lines and vat kg/fram/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| BioC_Actual_Livestock | 10930.6829736 | KG_livestock*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon actually contained in the cattle product being exported as product |
| DAM_CH4 | 109.16069999999999 | DAM_CH4_ha*HA_GRAZING | (2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total methane emissions form darm dams (kg) (excluding manure fraction which is counted elsewhere) |
| EFC_lime | 0.12 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) kgC Emission factor for lime - National Inventory Report 2022, Vol 1 (2024) |
| C_imported | 645243.0100000001 | Hay_purch*CC_Hay+Dairy_conc*CC_Dairy_conc+Tot_Weaner_Pellets*CC_Weaner_Pellets+Molasses*CC_Molasses | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Biogenic carbon in imported feed (kg) |
| MAN_CH4 | 11570.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from manure. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| KM_Cattle | 110.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for purchased bulls (km). See Durr et al. 2010 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287990558_GIS_mapping_of_cattle_market_service_areas_using_the_National_Livestock_Identification_System_NLIS_-_Final_report |
| CC_Hay | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of hay as DM |
| Vat_clean_alkal | 72.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Alkaline milk vat cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| AF_potash | — | — | Acid Factor for KCl from internet search - neutral. |
| N_fert | 157.9 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser N (kg/ha/year) applied as urea 46% N. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Min_Supp | 13328.149927 | Dairy_conc*PR_Minerals | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mineral supplement (kg) for herd based on amount of dairy concentrate fed |
| All_Livestock | 11.500547645125959 | iff(Allocation=1;All_Livestock_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Livestock_En; iff(Allocation =3; All_Livestock_Mass; All_Livestock_Pro))) | Allocation based on switch |
| K_in_KCl | 0.52 | — | K concentration in potassium chloride. |
| BioC_Pasture_nett | -412365.98357471934 | BioC_Products+BioC_as_CH4_emissions-BioC_inputs | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - total net additional carbon absorbed via pasture photosynthesis after accounting respiration of cattle etc |
| All_Livestock_Mass | 2.3847848118263086 | KG_livestock/(KG_livestock+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for sold cattle |
| Income_livestock | 211849.21800000005 | KG_Tot_MS*Return_Livestock | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm income from livestock sales ($/year) |
| NAAR_Fert | 5.0126206482213425 | (Tot_P_Fert*AF_Super)+(Tot_N_Fert*AF_urea) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate from fertilsers (H ion eq/year) |
| Return_Milk | 8.08 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Net proceeds for milk solids sold ($/kg Mild Solids). From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| C_cattle | 35034.240300000005 | CC_cattle*KG_livestock | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Biogenic carbon in cattle leaving the system as products (kg) |
| Cleaning_Water | 7.1 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Volume of water for cleaning milking equipment, milk vat, dairy building and yards ML/farm/year from Victorian Dept Primary Industries 2009. |
| DMI | 3031858.9 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Dry matter intake. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Dairy_conc | 798092.81 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total dairy concentrate ration fed (kg) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| CC_Weaner_pellets | 0.46 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of weaner pellets as DM |
| AF_Dry_mix | -0.012 | — | Acid factor for urea (kMol/t) assuming 30% urea in dry season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| Lime_purity | 0.9 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) - fractional purity of limestone NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). |
| Build_clean | 1247.8 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) General disinfectant applied with 1% of cleaning wash kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| LandV_clean_acid | 223.2 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Acid milk lines and vat cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| Calves_born | 245.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of viable calves born of both sexes using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and pregancy rate from Dairy Australia 2017 InCalf book for dairy farmers. |
| NAAR | -357.00758018027614 | (NAAR_Exports+NAAR_Fert)-NAAR_Imports | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm acidification rate (H ion eq/year) before maintenace lime is applied |
| All_Milk_Mass | 97.61521518817369 | (FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)/(KG_livestock+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for milk |
| Tot_N_fert | 79.08730434782608 | N_fert/N_in_Urea*Milking_area*PR_fert/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total N fertiliser applied as urea (t) |
| AF_Hay | 0.6 | — | Acid factor for hay (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991. |
| Fuel_use | 18763.787880000003 | Fuel*KG_Tot_MS | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Whole farm fuel use (L) |
| DU_N2O | 356.9 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from dung and urine. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| IntParasites_weaners | 3.0 | — | Number of internal parasite treatments for weaners (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024). |
| C_added | 514372.2187000001 | C_imported-C_exported | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net carbon added from from farm inputs less carbon exported as liveweight and milk (kg). Assumes soil carbon is stable through the process. Does not account for respiration. |
| Line_clean_alkal | 187.2 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Alkaline milk lines cleaner kg/farm/year. Rates from relevant label and Safety Data Sheet and frequency from Dairy Australia 202 Australian Dairy Hygiene Handbook. |
| Anthelmintics | 1254.3 | (Cows*IntParasites_cows)+(Calves_weaned*IntParasites_weaners) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Number of doses of anthelmintic adimistered for internal parasites |
| Return_Livestock | 1.05 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Net proceeds for livestock sold ($/kg Milk Solids). From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| LEACH_N2O | 554.8 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from leached N. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| DM_Weaner_Pellets | 0.87 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of weaner pellets calculated based on feed composition |
| TotN_LeachGW | 32096.7 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) total N leached to ground water (kg). Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| CC_MS | 0.475 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content of 45-50% of milk solids on DM basis from web. |
| Irrig_water | 529.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Volume of irrigation water ML/farm/year. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) for area and from RM Consulting Group 2021 for ML/ha |
| K_fert | 39.18 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser K (kg/ha/year) applied as potassium chloride 51% K. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Weaner_milk | 420.4 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Weaner milk requirement (kg) per animal weaned - deduct from overall FPCM production. From Dairy Australia 2022 Rearing Healty Calves. |
| All_Livestock_Eco | 11.500547645125959 | Income_Livestock/(income_MS+Income_livestock)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for sold cattle - default for AusLCI |
| Water | 22139809.06 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total drinking water intake (L/year) from Dairy Australia 2024 Drinking water access and quality, adjusted for water content of feed. |
| PUR_Bulls | 600.0 | PUR_Bulls_WT*PUR_Bulls_NO | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg) |
| M_Protein | 3.52 | — | Milk protein % from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| All_Milk_Eco | 88.49945235487404 | Income_MS/(Income_MS+Income_livestock)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for milk - default for AusLCI |
| Lime_CO2 | — | Total_lime*Lime_purity*EFC_lime* 44/12 | (1,3,2,1,1,na) 1.08 Uncertainty. [kg CO2eq] Direct emissions from lime applied to soil - National Inventory Report 2022, volume 1, equation 3G_1 |
| MS_Milk | 0.073 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Milk solids content of milk based after standardisation to Fat Protein Corrected Milk of 4% fat and 3.3% protein as specified in IDF Global Carbon Footprint Standard 2022. |
| Tot_T_fert | 134.9866945576163 | Tot_P_fert+Tot_K_fert+Tot_N_fert+Total_Lime | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total weight of fertiliser transported to farm (t) |
| BioC_all_Corr_Livestock | -1000.1418252692583 | BioC_Actual_Livestock-BioC_CurrentAll_Livestock | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the sold livestock product inventory after allocation. |
| DM_MS | 1.0 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of milk is the same as milk solids |
| DM_hay | 0.88 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of hay |
| KM_Weaner_pellets | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| Tot_P_fert | 38.53963636363637 | P_fert/P_in_Super*PR_fert*Milking_area/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total P fertiliser applied as single superphosphate (t) |
| Pasture_reno | 87.05 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Area of permanant pasture renovated with over-sowing each year (ha/farm) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| All_Milk_Pro | 87.8110034696624 | ((FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)/(KG_livestock*PC_Lwt+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Protein allocation fraction for milk |
| All_Livestock_Pro | 12.188996530337604 | (KG_livestock*PC_Lwt)/(KG_livestock*PC_Lwt+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*M_Protein/100)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Protein allocation fraction for sold cattle |
| F_Loddon_Avoca_VIC | 0.002 | — | Fraction of Loddon-Avoca, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| Total_lime | — | iff(NAAR<0;0;(NAAR/(-AF_lime*Lime_purity))/1000) | (2,2,1,1,1,na) Total lime applied (t) to neautralise NAAR |
| F_Campaspe_VIC | — | — | Fraction of Campaspe, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| Calves_weaned | 161.7 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of calves weaned of both sexes using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024), perinatal mortality rate from Axford et al. 2024 and calf pathways from Dairy Australia 2023 Dariy calf market pathways. |
| BiogenicCO2 | — | SOC_change*3.667*HA_GRAZING*0 | (1,1,3,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total SOC change in units of CO2-eq (t) |
| DAM_CH4_HA | 0.3135 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Methane emissions form farm dams (kg CH4 ha/yr), calcuted using the temperature based approach descibed by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024). Dam density described by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024). |
| Hay_purch | 798092.81 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total hay purchased off-farm (kg) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| KM_Dairy_conc | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| BioC_Actual_Milk | 91913.69554668077 | (FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*MS_Milk*CC_MS | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon actually contained in the milk product being exported as product |
| Tot_Weaner_Milk | 67978.68 | Calves_weaned*Weaner_milk | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. FPCMilk fed to calves pre-weaning (kg/farm) - deduct from product FPCM total volume |
| BioC_all_Corr_Milk | 896.9837784585834 | BioC_Actual_Milk-BioC_CurrentAll_Milk | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon correction factor to adjust the biogenic carbon value of the milk product inventory after allocation |
| IntParasites_cows | 2.0 | — | Number of internal parasite treatments for cows (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024). |
| BioC_inputs | 571039.8076200001 | Hay_purch*DM_hay*CC_Hay+Molasses*DM_Molasses*CC_Molasses+Tot_Weaner_Pellets*DM_Weaner_Pellets*CC_Weaner_Pellets+PUR_Bulls*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle+Dairy_conc*DM_dairy_conc*CC_dairy_conc | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon added as inputs to the dairy system |
| EC_FPCM | 3.1 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Energy content of FPC milk in MJ/kg FPCM. Energy content values from the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 |
| Vaccine_vol | 2.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Volume of individual vaccine (ml) |
| No_lime_apps | 0.25 | — | Number of limer applications per year |
| KG_Milk | 2580065.9846547316 | KG_Tot_MS/(M_Fat+M_Protein)*100 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk production (kg/farm) at specific fat and protein content for farming system |
| KG_Livestock | 64758.3 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Quantity of cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls, culled cows, surplus heifers, dairy beef and bobby calves. Based on herd structure and outputs from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). Based on liveweights for dairy cattle from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Allocation | 1.0 | — | Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, 4 = Protein Allocation. |
| Evap_water_loss_T | 12.67448 | Evap_water_loss*HA_GRAZING | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Volume of water lost through evaporation from farm dams (ML/farm) |
| All_Milk | 88.49945235487404 | iff(Allocation=1;All_Milk_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Milk_En; iff(Allocation =3; All_Milk_Mass; All_Milk_Pro))) | Allocation based on switch |
| Weaner_pellets | 91.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Weaner pellets (kg) fed per animal from 3-16 weeks of age. From Dairy Australia 2022 Rearing Healthy Calves. |
| HA_GRAZING | 348.2 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Useable farm area (dairy platform+support area) (ha) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| NAAR_Imports | 590.443301600876 | (Min_supp*AF_Dry_mix+Hay_purch*AF_Hay+Dairy_conc*AF_Dairy_conc+Weaner_pellets*AF_Weaner_pellets+Molasses*AF_Molasses)/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate of imports (H ion eq/year) from imported feed. |
| PR_fert | 1.0 | — | Proportion of useable are fertilised. |
| Cows | 384.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of cows and heifers mated using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Irrig_offset | 5.985 | — | (2,3,1,2,1,na) Volume of dairy wash water applied to pastures to offset irrigation needs (ML/year). Based on proportion of manure managment system that is slurry to pasture from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| C_milk | 95836.551 | CC_MS*KG_Tot_MS | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Carbon exported in milk (kg/year). |
| CC_Molasses | 0.42 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.42 of molasses as DM |
| EC_LW | 15.45 | — | (1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.08 Uncertainty. Energy content of liveweight in MJ/kg liveweight. Weighted average of animals sent to slaughter (calves, ED: 27.5 MJ/kg; weaners and heifers, ED: 11 MJ/kg; and mature animals, ED: 15 MJ/kg). Energy content values from the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022. |
| Evap_water_loss | 0.0364 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/ha/year). Dam density described by National Inventory Report Vol 1 (Australian Government 2024) with evaporation rate from Bureau of Metorology 1990-2020. |
| EFN_Leach | 0.011 | — | Emissions factor for proportion of N leached released as N2O. Based on Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Elec | 0.539 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Electricity (kWh/kg MS) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 20245) and average price from AEMO publications. |
| MAN_SOIL_N2O | 56.8 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from animal waste applied to soils. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| BioC_as_CH4_emissions | 55829.445525 | (Ent_CH4+Man_CH4+Dam_Ch4)*12/16 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.21 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being emitted as methane |
| AF_Cattle | 0.34 | — | Acid factor for red meat (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991. |
| BioC_Products | 102844.37852028076 | KG_livestock*DM_Cattle*CC_Cattle+(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)*MS_Milk*CC_MS | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon exported as products from the dairy system |
| TotalTkmRoad | 400183.6210759541 | (Min_Supp*KM_Lick+Hay_purch*KM_Hay+Molasses*KM_Molasses+Dairy_conc*KM_Dairy_conc+Weaner_pellets*KM_Weaner_pellets+Fuel_use*0.84*KM_fuel)/1000+(Tot_T_Fert*KM_Fert) | (2,3,1,1,1,na) 2.01 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system (tkm). All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks. |
| AF_Molasses | 0.107 | — | Acid factor for molasses (kMol/t) based on web search |
| NAAR_net | -357.00758018027614 | NAAR+(total_lime*1000*AF_lime*lime_purity) | (2,2,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Net on farm acidification from imports, exports, fertilisers and lime applied |
| DM_Dairy_Conc | 0.89 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of dairy concentrate based on supplement composition |
| KM_fuel | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| KM_Lick | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| Milking_area | 230.4 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Milking area (dairy platform) (ha) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| Income_MS | 1630230.1728000003 | KG_Tot_MS*Return_Milk | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Farm income from milk ($/year) |
| KM_fert | 250.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |
| KM_Hay | 200.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for hay (km) |
| FERT_N2O | 359.1 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg direct N2O from N fertiliser application. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Tot_K_fert | 17.359753846153847 | K_fert/K_in_KCl*Milking_area*PR_fert/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total K fertiliser applied as (t) |
| ENT_CH4 | 62759.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from enteric fermentation. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Heifers | 122.5 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of heifers carried over post-weaning using average herd structure from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and cow mortality and culling rate from Haile-Mariam et al. 2023. |
| P_in_Super | 0.088 | — | P concentration in single super phosphate. |
| KG_MilkSolids | 524.6 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Milk solids (dry matter) per cow (kg/cow/year) from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| TRANS_cattle | 66.0 | PUR_Bulls/1000*KM_Cattle | (2,1,1,2,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased cattle (t.km). |
| C_exported | 130870.79130000001 | C_milk+C_cattle | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk + livestock carbon exported from the farm (kg/year). |
| PUR_Bulls_NO | 1.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Number of replacement bulls purchased per year. Basedon herd structure From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| PC_Lwt | 0.2 | — | Protein content of liveweight. Honig, A.C. et al. 2022 Meat Science 184 doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108685 |
| F_Wimmera_VIC | 0.1 | — | Fraction of Wimmera, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region. |
| ID_tags | 6125.0 | Calves_born*ID_tag | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty.. Weight of ID tags total (g) |
| All_Milk_En | 0.8914576573106775 | (EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk))/(EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)+EC_LW*KG_livestock) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Energy allocation fraction for FPC milk using the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 method |
| BioC_CurrentAll_Livestock | 11930.824798869258 | (BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Milk)*All_Livestock/100 | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being apportioned via allocation approach to the cattle product |
| DM_Cattle | 0.312 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of cattle |
| CC_Dairy_conc | 0.4 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.4 of dairy concentrate as DM |
| ATMOS_N2O | 142.0 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from N deposited from atmosphere. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| M_Fat | 4.3 | — | Milk fat % from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| PUR_Bulls_WT | 600.0 | — | (2,1,1,2,1,na) Liveweight (kg) of replacement bulls purchased each year. Based on liveweights for dairy cattle from Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology 2024. |
| Vaccine | 1092.6 | (Cows+Calves_weaned)*Vaccine_vol | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml). |
| AF_Weaner_Pellets | 0.16 | — | Acid factor for dairy concentrate meal fed in sth regions (kMol/kg) based on individual ingredients (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| KG_Tot_MS | 201761.16000000003 | KG_Milksolids*Cows | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total milk solids for farm (kg/year) |
| MAN_N2O | 44.7 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from manure managment systems. Calculated using Dairy Greenhouse Accounting framework (Lopez M.B., Ekonomou A., Eckard R., (2024). A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Dairy properties based on the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory methodology. Updated June 2024 http://piccc.org.au/Tools). |
| Molasses | — | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Total molasses fed (kg) for energy from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| AF_Dairy_conc | 0.14 | — | Acid factor for dairy concentrate meal fed in sth regions (kMol/kg) based on individual ingredients (Baldock et al. 2009). |
| NAAR_Exports | 228.42310077237855 | ((KG_Milk*AF_milk)+(KG_Livestock*AF_Cattle))/1000 | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net acidification rate of exports (H ion eq/year) |
| ID_tag | 25.0 | — | (1,1,1,1,1,na) Weight of plastic ID tag individual (g) |
| N_in_Urea | 0.46 | — | N concentration in urea. |
| No_fert_apps | 2.0 | — | Number of fertiliser applications per year (NSW Dept Primary Industries 2005. Fertilisers for Pastures https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/166562/Fertilisers-for-pastures.pdf) |
| CC_cattle | 0.541 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.541 of animal as DM. (Average carbon content of 0.175 C/kg liveweight assuming dressing of 63%, carcase composition of 70% meat, 20% fat and 10% bone; dry matter content of 15% by-product (blood, rumen, heads and hooves), 25% meat, 85% fat and 74% bone; and carbon content of 53% by-product, 53% meat, 76% fat and 7.5% bone.) |
| Refrid_Loss | 2.38 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Refrigerant loss 5%/year for cooling systems (kg/year) for apprpiately sized cooling system and hot water system for herd. |
| Solar | 20150.0 | — | (2,1,1,2,1,na) Solar generation (kWh) from a 30 kW system with 50% adoption across farms (kWh/year) from Dairy Australia 2023 Solar PV ready reckoner. 100% small generation credits sold to market at time of installation. |
| Fuel | 0.093 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fuel (L diesel/kg MS) calculated from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024) and average price from https://fleetautonews.com.au/historical-pump-prices-in-australia/ |
| AF_Lime | -0.02 | — | [kg H+] added due to the system. kMol/t where 50 kg lime removes 1 kMol H which is same as 1 kg Hydrogen ions. (Baldock et al. 2009) |
| AF_milk | 0.08 | — | Acid factor for whole milk (kMol/t) based on Slattery et al. 1991 |
| Elec_use | 128899.26524000002 | (Elec*KG_Tot_MS)+Solar | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Whole farm electricity use (kWh) |
| N_LeachGW | 31743.636300000002 | TotN_LeachGW-(TotN_LeachGW*EFN_Leach) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. N leached to ground water adjusted for N loss from N2O (kg). |
| BioC_CurrentAll_Milk | 91016.71176822219 | BioC_Products*All_Milk/100 | (2,3,3,1,1,na) 1.14 Uncertainty. kg C - biogenic carbon being apportioned via allocation approach to the milk product |
| DM_Molasses | 0.775 | — | (2,3,3,1,1,na) Dry matter fraction of molasses |
| PR_minerals | 0.0167 | — | Proportion of mineral as % of dairy feed concentrate fed. Calculated from concentrate fed from Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| SOC_change | — | — | (1,1,3,1,1,na) Change in Soil Orgnic Carbon t C/ha/year in 0-30cm layer |
| AF_urea | 0.078 | — | Acid Factor in kMol/t urea. Based on Upjohn, Fenton & Conyers (2005) with 50% leaching & nitrification. |
| All_Livestock_En | 0.10854234268932261 | EC_LW*KG_livestock/(EC_FPCM*(FPCM_Wt-Tot_Weaner_Milk)+EC_LW*KG_livestock) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Energy allocation fraction for livestock traded using the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 2022 method |
| P_fert | 14.72 | — | (1,3,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser P (kg/ha/year) applied as single superphosphate 8.8% P. From Dairy Farm Monitor Project 2019/20 to 2023/24 relevant to the region (Agriculture Victoria 2020 to 2024). |
| FPCM_wt | 2718698.0901422 | KG_milk*((0.1226*M_Fat)+(0.0776*M_Protein)+0.2534) | (1,3,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Milk production (kg/farm) standardised to Fat Protein Corrected Milk of 4% fat and 3.3% protein as specified in The IDF global Carbon Footprint standard 2022. |
| AF_super | -0.03 | — | Acid Factor for single superphosphate from the web - slightly alkaline due to gypsum content. |
| KM_Molasses | 400.0 | — | (2,3,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance from regional store to farm (km) |