Cattle, prime beef, live weight, North Coast {AU-NSW}| coastal weaners | AusLCI, U

Unit process v00.00.000

This dataset represents the production of cattle for beef. The reference flow is 100 Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/. (Hume, I., Renouf, M.A., Eady, S.J., Grant, T., 2025). It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government's Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Production Volume: 1558.153 kg Activities included: The inventory begins with the breeding, growing and maintenance of cattle in the State, Region, and Production System detailed. Activities included are: Pasture, feed inputs, supplements and energy use on farm. Direct field emissions are included. The system boundary ends at the farm gate with the production of cattle for sale in three classes - culled cattle (Cast For Age cows and bulls), prime cattle (heifers, feeder steers and finished steers) and weaner cattle (female and male). Energy values: 13.0 MJ/kg. Nutritional values: Protein: 14.1%. Carbohydrate: 0.8%. Fat: 14.6%. Geography: North Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Technology level: Represents current practices as per gross margins reports (NSW DPI 2023 Rural Solutions SA 2022). Time period: 2017-2021. Version: 1.2 Record: Data entry by: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU Generator: Generator/publicator: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU

Sector: Material
Contributor: —
Last updated: 26 Aug 2024
Reference ID: d49c6c62-6681-34fc-9997-f28b6ae0de99

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Documentation

Quantitative reference: Cattle, prime beef, live weight, North Coast {AU-NSW}| coastal weaners | AusLCI, U
Sampling procedure: Herd structure and product turn-off from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Creation date: 26 Aug 2024
Is copyright protected: No
Is infrastructure process: No
Tags: material
Sources: National Inventory Report (NIR) 2023/2025/DCCEEW
Ash alkalinity/1991/Slattery et al.
Building a foundation for soil condition assessment/2009/Baldock et al.
Environmental performance of large ruminant supply chains/2016/FAO
A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Beef and Sheep/2020/Ekonomou A.
Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2018-2022/2023/ABS
Assessing beef carcass tissue weights\2010\Navajas et al.
Beef Cattle Gross Margin Budget/2023/NSW DPI /2023
Efficiency of absorbed protein/2018/Mariz, L.D.S. et al
Farm Gross Margin 2015/2015/Rural Solutions SA PIRSA
Land use of Australia 2010-11 to 2020-21/2024/ABARES
Protein content of liveweight/2022/Honig, A.C. et al
Representative Herds Templates for Northern Australia V1.00/2011/Holmes et al.
The heat of combustion values of the protein and fat in pigs\1972\Sharma et al.

Product outputs

Flow	Amount	Unit	Comment
Cattle, manufacturing beef, live weight, North Coast , biogenic C not balanced {AU-NSW}\| coastal weaners \| AusLCI, U	10045.299	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Quantity of Culled cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls and cows. Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.51 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.32 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass.
Cattle, prime beef, live weight, North Coast {AU-NSW}\| coastal weaners \| AusLCI, U	1558.153	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Quantity of Prime Cattle sold as Steers or Heifers (kg live weight). Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.51 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.32 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass.
Weaned cattle, live weight, North Coast , biogenic C not balanced {AU-NSW}\| coastal weaners \| AusLCI, U	16397.046	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Quantity of Weaner Cattle sold (kg live weight). Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.51 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.32 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass.

Technical inputs

Flow	Amount	Unit	Comment
Carbon correction factor {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	37.66030500443924	kg	(2,3,1,1,1,na) - Biogenic carbon correction for prime cattle. Note other products are not balanced for biogenic carbon in this process, but are balanced in a subsequent linked process. All other flows other than biogenic carbon are allocated correction from this inventory.
Cattle, internal parasite control {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	383.694	Item(s)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Internal parasite treatments for the herd.
Cattle, prime beef, live weight, North Coast {AU-NSW}\| coastal weaners \| AusLCI, U	719.8399999999999	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg)
Cereal hay {AU}\| market for cereal hay \| AusLCI, U	3217.435	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Chemical, organic {GLO}\| market for chemical, organic \| Cut-off, U	383.694	g	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml).
Coconut, dehusked {GLO}\| market for coconut, dehusked \| Cut-off, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Coconut used as proxy for copra.
Cottonseed meal, at oil mill {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total cottonseed meal for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Cottonseed meal, at oil mill {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total protein pellets 20% CP for herd.
Dry season mix, 30% urea, 5.5% P, at production {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	2096.467	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total dry season mineral supplement for herd.
Electricity, low voltage {AU-NT}\| market for electricity, low voltage \| AusLCI, U	191.14696	kWh	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Electricity calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Fertilizing, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, conventional {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	440.039	ha	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Application of fertiliser to pasture.
Forage sorghum, irrigated, Darling Downs QLD {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Molasses, C-grade, at mill gate, {AU-QLD}\| sugarcane milling \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Oat grain {AU}\| market for oat grain \| AusLCI, U	2000.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total area oats grazed by herd from matching geographical region/state.
Polyurethane, flexible foam {GLO}\| market for \| Cut-off, U	2298.175	g	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total weight of ID tags for flock.
Single superphosphate {AU}\| market for single superphosphate \| AusLCI, U	4400.389999999999	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Single superphosphate for pasture improvement.
Tractor engine operation, on farm, per litre of diesel consumed {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	64.54832	l	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Fuel calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	2056.6744766399997	t*km	(3,1,1,1,1,na) 2.1 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system in tkm. All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks.
Transport, truck, 60t load {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	79.18239999999999	t*km	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased bulls.
Wet season mix, 0% N 21% P, at production {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total wet season mineral supplement without N for herd.

Elementary flow inputs

Flow	Sub-compartment	Amount	Unit	Comment
Carbon dioxide	unspecified	48416.856662100676	kg	Nett additinal biogenic carbon absorbed by pasture and transferred to liveweight of the aminal after accounting for external biogenic carbon inputs such as feed.
Occupation, grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	440.039	ha*a	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.5. Intersection of livestock region (based on SA2 units) and 2021 Land Use Map (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences 2024) for natural and sown pastures combined with Agricultural Commodities, Australia (2018-2022) for livestock numbers.
Transformation, from grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	440.039	ha	No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC
Transformation, to grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	440.039	ha	No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC
Water, unspecified natural origin, NE Coast other than Burd., Fitz.,..., QLD, AU	—	0.0	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in NE Coast other than Burd., Fitz.,..., QLD, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, NE Coast other than Burd., Fitz.,..., QLD, AU	—	0.0	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in NE Coast other than Burd., Fitz.,..., QLD, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU	—	1867306.714	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU	—	55.004875	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment.

Elementary flow outputs

Flow	Compartment	Sub-compartment	Amount	Unit	Comment
Ammonia	Emission to air	unspecified	921.3196363636363	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. NH3 emission
Area grazed	Non material emissions	—	440.039	ha	—
Carbon dioxide, from soil or biomass stock	Emission to air	low population density	0.0	kg	This flow intentionally set to zero. Carbon fluxes from direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	4.794	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O atmospheric deposition
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	29.844	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O leaching and runoff
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	low population density	0.0	kg	(1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Nitrous oxide production from mineralisation due to loss of soil carbon, NIR 2022 Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	45.653	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O Dung and Urine
Enteric methane	Non material emissions	—	11403.94	kg	—
Evaporative water loss	Non material emissions	—	55004.875	m3	—
Livestock N2O all sources	Non material emissions	—	75497004.794	kg	—
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	698.189	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Manure Methane
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	736.625286	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Farm dam Methane
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	11403.94	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Enteric Methane
Nitrogen	Emission to water	ground water	1707.493665	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.5. N leached from Dung and Urine
Water intake of livestock	Non material emissions	—	1867.3067139999998	m3	—
hydrogen ions	Emissions to soil	—	7.293122424000001	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net change in H ions due to imports (feriliser, feeds) to and exports (cattle liveweight) from the farm

Parameters

Name	Value	Formula	Description
AF_Wet_mix	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for urea (kMol/kg) assuming 30% urea in wet season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
ID_tag	25.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Weight of plastic ID tag individual (g)
MAN_CH4	698.189	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from manure. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
BioC_CurrentAll_PrimeCattle	306.56479159143925	BioC_Products*All_PrimeCattle/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the prime cattle product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
CC_Protein_Pellets	0.405	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.5 as DM
AF_Protein_Pellets	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for protein pellets (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
AF_Cattle	0.34	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for red meat (kMol/kg) based on (Slattery et al.).
DM_Molasses	0.825	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of molasses
Cattle	213.983	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total number of cattle (Adult Equivalents) carried for the year using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
ID_tagbad	25.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Was listed as Total drinking water intake (L/year)
DU_N2O	45.653	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from dung and urine. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
AF_Hay	-0.7	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for hay (kMol/kg) based on (Slatery et al.).
Hay	3217.435	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total hay fed (kg)
CC_Hay	0.4	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.4 as DM, NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
NAAR_Inputs	-2.227046896	(Dry_mixAF_Dry_mix+Wet_mixAF_Wet_mix+HayAF_Hay+CopraAF_Copra+MolassesAF_Molasses+CottonseedAF_Cottonseed+Protein_Pellets*AF_Protein_Pellets)/1000	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net change in soil acidity (H ion eq) from imported products (feeds, fertilizer)
DM_Livecattle	0.319	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of cattle
TotN_LeachGW	1726.485	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) total N leached to ground water (kg). Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
Cows	99.92	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of cows and heifers mated using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
BioC_all__corr_Weaners	-409.733179006872	BioC_Actual_Weaners-BioC_CurrentAll_Weaners	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for weaners in kg C.
All_PrimeCattle	6.344078844525454	iff(Allocation=1;All_PrimeCattle_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_PrimeCattle_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_PrimeCattle_Mass; All_Pro_PrimeCattle)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to prime cattle. (%)
KG_CulledBreeders	10045.299	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Culled cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls, cows and spay cows >3 years old, calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
DM_Hay	0.88	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of hay
BioC_inputs	1256.76638736	HayDM_hayCC_Hay+CopraDM_CopraCC_Copra+MolassesDM_MolassesCC_Molasses+CottonseedDM_CottonseedCC_Cottonseed+Protein_PelletsDM_Protein_PelletsCC_Protein_Pellets+PUR_BullsDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	kg biogenic carbon inputs from feeds
KM_Cottonseed	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for cottonseed (km)
BioC_Actual_Weaners	2829.785801634	kg_WeanersDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated weaners in kg C.
PUR_Bulls_WT	880.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Liveweight (kg) of replacement bulls purchased each year. Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
BioC_Actual_Primecattle	268.904486587	kg_PrimecattleDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated Prime cattle in kg C.
DM_Cottonseed	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of cottonseed
All_CulledBreeders	27.135453940470743	iff(Allocation=1;All_CulledBreeders_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Culledbreeders_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Culledbreeders_Mass; All_Pro_Culledbreeders)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to culled breeders. (%)
All_PrimeCattle_Mass	5.564733170102904	kg_PrimeCattle/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Prime cattle (%)
N_LeachGW	1707.493665	TotN_LeachGW-(TotN_LeachGW*EFN_Leach)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.4 Uncertainty. N leached to ground water adjusted for N loss from N2O (kg).
KM_Copra	600.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for copra (km)
All_Weaners_En	58.5598370428983	En_Weaners/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Weaners based on energy content (%)
KM_Lick	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for dry and wet season lick (km)
Pro_Total	2240.0398400000004	Pro_CulledBreeders+Pro_PrimeCattle+Pro_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirment for all coproducts leaving the farm (kg)
KM_Cattle	110.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for purchased bulls (km). See Durr et al. 2010 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287990558_GIS_mapping_of_cattle_market_service_areas_using_the_National_Livestock_Identification_System_NLIS_-_Final_report
NAAR_Cattle	9.52016932	producttotal*af_cattle/1000	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Change in soil acidity (H ion eq/t) from export of cattle product
KM_Molasses	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for molasses (km)
All_Pro_CulledBreeders	35.87542978699879	Pro_CulledBreeders/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Culled Breeders based on protein requirement (%)
DAM_CH4_HA	1.674	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Methane emissions form farm dams (kg CH4 ha/yr), calcuted using the temperature based approach descibed by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). Dam density described by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025).
Anthelmintics	383.694	(CowsIntParasites_cows)+(Calves_weanedIntParasites_weaners)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Number of doses of anthelmintic adimistered for internal parasites
EN_PrimeCattle	4830274.3	EN_lwt1000KG_PrimeCattle	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of PrimeCattle.
Tot_P_fert	4400.389999999999	P_fertHA_GrazingPR_fert	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total fertiliser applied as single superphosphate (kg)
BioC_CurrentAll_Weaners	3239.518980640872	(BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle)*All_Weaners/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the weaner product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
IntParasites_cows	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) -Number of internal parasite treatments for cows (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Pro_Weaners	1311.76368	KG_WeanersPC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce Weaners (kg)
Elec_use	191.14696	Elec*Cows	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Whole farm electricity use (kWh)
KG_PrimeCattle	1558.153	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Prime cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. steers/bullocks, heifers (2 and 3 year old), calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
BioC_Pasture_nett	13204.597271482002	BioC_Products+BioC_as_CH4_emissions-BioC_inputs	kg biogenic carbon added to cattle by pasture after accounting incoming feed, respiration, losses as methane and other losses from system.
DAM_CH4	736.625286	DAM_CH4_ha*HA_GRAZING	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total methane emissions form darm dams (kg) (excluding manure fraction which is counted elsewhere)
DLUC_value	—	—	[tCO2eq/ha/year] Annual direct CO2 emissions from land use change. This flow intentionally set to zero. Carbon fluxes from direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method
BioC_CurrentAll_CulledBreeders	1321.4852776715588	(BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle)*All_Culledbreeders/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the culled breeders product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
Evap_water_loss	0.125	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/ha/year). Dam density described by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) with evaporation rate from Bureau of Metorology 1990-2020.
EN_Weaners	50830842.599999994	EN_lwt1000KG_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of Weaners.
Allocation	1.0	—	Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, 4 = Protein Allocation.
Vaccine_vol	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Volume of individual vaccine (ml)
DLUC_switch	—	—	By default the switch is set to 0 to not include direct land use change. To include the value for direct land use change set the switch to 1. Direct land use change calculation approach is still uncertain
Soil_C_loss	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Change in Soil Orgnic Carbon t C/ha/year in 0-30cm layer
Sorghum_graz	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total area of forage sorghum grazed (ha)
EN_CulledBreeders	31140426.900000002	En_lwt1000KG_CulledBreeders	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of VulledBreeders.
Wet_mix	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total wet season lick (kg)
P_PrimeCattle	4.16	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for Young Cattle Indicator (Eastern and Western) and National Feeder Steer ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
N_Mineralised	—	Soil_C_loss*soil_NC_frac	[Kg N] The amount of N released from SOC mineralisation - Calculated
Cottonseed	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total cottonseed fed (kg)
P_CulledBreeders	2.76	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for National Processor Cow Indicator ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
DMI	550914.991	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Dry matter intake. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
KM_Protein_pellets	600.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for protein_pellets (km)
Water	1867306.714	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total drinking water intake (L/year)
AF_Dry_mix	0.012	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for urea (kMol/kg) assuming 30% urea in dry season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
Elec	1.913	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Electricity (kWh/Cow mated) calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
DM_Dry_mix	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of dry season mix
BioC_Actual_CulledBreeders	1733.6076561210004	kg_CulledbreedersDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated culled breeders in kg C.
All_PrimeCattle_En	5.564733170102904	En_PrimeCattle/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to PrimeCattle based on energy content (%)
KM_fuel	300.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for fuel to farm (km)
soil_NC_frac	0.09090909090909091	1/(10+1)	Fraction of N to C in soil, based on a CN ratio of 1:10 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
Soil_C_Change_Switch	—	—	By default the switch is set to 0 to not soil carbon change. To include the value for soil carbon change set the switch to 1. The results still contain significant uncertainty and should be used with extreme care. -
oat_yield	100.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Yield of grazing oats
Calves_weaned	91.927	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of calves weaned using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Evap_water_loss_T	55.004875	Evap_water_loss*HA_GRAZING	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Total evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/year)
ENT_CH4	11403.94	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from enteric fermentation. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
EFN_Leach	0.011	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Emissions factor for proportion of N leached released as N2O.
AF_Copra	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for copra (kMol/kg) based on web search unspecifed sources.
DM_Copra	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of copra
KM_Hay	100.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for hay (km)
BioC_Products	4832.297944342001	ProducttotalDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	kg biogenic carbon in outputs of all products in the inventory before applying allocation
CC_Dry_mix	—	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.0 of dry season mix
Tot_En	86801543.8	En_CulledBreeders+En_PrimeCattle+En_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of co-products.
Fuel_use	64.54832	Fuel*Cows	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Whole farm fuel use (L)
Oats_graz	20.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total area of forage oats grazed (ha)
CC_livecattle	0.541	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.541 of animal as DM. (Average carbon content of 0.175 C/kg liveweight assuming dressing of 63%, carcase composition of 70% meat, 20% fat and 10% bone; dry matter content of 15% by-product (blood, rumen, heads and hooves), 25% meat, 85% fat and 74% bone; and carbon content of 53% by-product, 53% meat, 76% fat and 7.5% bone.)
F_NE_Coast_other_than_Burd_Fitz_QLD	—	—	Fraction of NE Coast other than Burd., Fitz.,..., QLD, AU catchment in livestock region.
PC_Lwt	0.2	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Protein content of liveweight. Honig, A.C. et al. 2022 Meat Science 184 doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108685
ATMOS_N2O	4.794	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from N deposited from atmosphere. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
AF_Cottonseed	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for cottonseed (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
Fuel	0.646	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Fuel (L diesel/Cow mated) calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Pro_CulledBreeders	803.6239200000001	KG_CulledBreedersPC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce Culled Breeders (kg)
All_Weaners	66.5204672150038	iff(Allocation=1;All_Weaners_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Weaners_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Weaners_Mass; All_Pro_Weaners)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to weaners. (%)
TotalTkmRoad	2056.6744766399997	(Dry_mixKM_Lick+Wet_mixKM_LICK+HayKM_Hay+CopraKM_Copra+MolassesKM_Molasses+CottonseedKM_Cottonseed+Protein_PelletsKM_Protein_Pellets+Tot_P_fertKM_fert+Fuel_use0.84KM_fuel)/1000	(3,1,1,1,1,na) 2.1 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system in tkm. All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks.
All_Pro_PrimeCattle	5.564733170102903	Pro_PrimeCattle/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Prime Cattle based on protein requirement (%)
CC_Copra	0.45	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.5 as DM
TRANS_cattle	79.18239999999999	PUR_Bulls/1000*KM_Cattle	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased cattle (t.km).
HA_GRAZING	440.039	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Hectares grazing land by Livestock Region based on based on SA2 Level data from Agricultural Commodities data for five years from 2017/18-2021/22 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023) and Land Use of Australia (ABARES 2025).
All_CulledBreeders_Eco	27.135453940470743	(KG_CulledBreedersP_CulledBreeders)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Culled cattle (%) - default for AusLCI
CC_Molasses	0.347	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.42 as DM
P_Weaners	4.145	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for Restocker Yearlings (Heifers and Steers) ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
DM_Protein_Pellets	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of protein pellets
AF_Molasses	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for molasses (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
PUR_Bulls_NO	0.818	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of replacement bulls purchased per year. Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
EFF_P_Lwt	0.4	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Efficiency of use of absorbed protein partitioned to liveweight. Mariz, L.D.S. 2018 J. Anim Sci 96: 670-683 doi: 10.1093/jas/sky018
Molasses	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total molasses fed (kg)
ID_tags	2298.175	Calves_weaned*ID_tag	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Weight of ID tags total (g)
All_CulledBreeders_Mass	35.875429786998794	kg_CulledBreeders/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Culled cattle (%)
BiogenicCO2	—	Soil_C_loss3.667HA_GRAZING*0	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total SOC change in units of CO2-eq
BioC_as_CH4_emissions	9629.0657145	(Ent_CH4+Man_CH4+Dam_Ch4)*12/16	kg biogenic carbon emitted as methane from various sources.
BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle	37.66030500443924	BioC_CurrentAll_PrimeCattle-BioC_Actual_Primecattle	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for prime cattle in kg C.
EN_lwt	3.1	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Calorific value (kcal/g) of live cattle at 54% dressing %. Sharma et al. 1972 and Navaja et al. 2010.
CC_Wet_mix	—	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.0 of wet season mix
Protein_Pellets	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total protein pellets 20% CP fed (kg)
DM_Wet_mix	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of wet season mix
All_Weaners_Mass	58.5598370428983	kg_Weaners/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Weaner cattle (%)
All_Pro_Weaners	58.5598370428983	Pro_Weaners/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Weaners based on protein requirement (%)
BioC_all__corr_CulledBreeders	412.1223784494416	BioC_Actual_CulledBreeders-BioC_CurrentAll_CulledBreeders	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for culled breeders in kg C.
All_PrimeCattle_Eco	6.344078844525454	(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Prime cattle - default for AusLCI (%)
ProductTotal	28000.498	KG_PrimeCattle+KG_CulledBreeders+kg_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total production of cattle from this process (kg live weight)
All_CulledBreeders_En	35.875429786998794	En_CulledBreeders/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to CulledBreeders based on energy content (%)
LEACH_N2O	29.844	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from leached N. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) Frac_WET estimated independently for each livestock region.
PUR_Bulls	719.8399999999999	PUR_Bulls_WT*PUR_Bulls_NO	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg)
F_South_East_Coast_NSW_VIC_and_SA	1.0	—	Fraction of South East Coast, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment in livestock region.
DeterminingProd	16397.046	KG_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Determining product will change with production system: = KG_Weaners when KG_Weaners > KG_PrimeCattle, otherwise KG_PrimeCattle.
Vaccine	383.694	(Cows+Calves_weaned)*Vaccine_vol	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml).
KM_fert	200.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for fertiliser to farm (km)
Copra	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total copra meal fed (kg)
All_Weaners_Eco	66.5204672150038	(KG_WeanersP_Weaners)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Weaned cattle - default for AusLCI (%)
P_fert	10.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser applied as single superphosphate 8.8% P (kg/ha/year). Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Dry_mix	2096.467	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total dry season lick (kg)
IntParasites_weaners	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) -Number of internal parasite treatments for weaners (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
EFN_mineral	0.004	—	(1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] emission factor for N emissions from mineralisations - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
CC_Cottonseed	0.45	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.4 as DM, NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
PR_fert	1.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) - Proportion of grazed area fertilsed with single superphosphate
KG_Weaners	16397.046	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Weaners sold (kg live weight) - both sexes < 1 year old, calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Pro_PrimeCattle	124.65224	KG_PrimeCattlePC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce PrimeCattle (kg)