Cattle, prime beef, live weight, Riverina {AU-NSW}| heavy grassfed | AusLCI, U

Unit process v00.00.000

This dataset represents the production of cattle for beef. The reference flow is 100 Documentation for this dataset can be found in the 'LCAgMetrics Methodology for developing Life Cycle Inventory' report, available at https://agrifutures.com.au/. (Hume, I., Renouf, M.A., Eady, S.J., Grant, T., 2025). It was developed as part of the LCAgMetrics project, a partnership between Agrifutures Australia and Lifecycles, funded by the Australian Government's Sustainability Reporting Uplift Grant as part of the National Agriculture Traceability Grants Program. Production Volume: 33684.285 kg Activities included: The inventory begins with the breeding, growing and maintenance of cattle in the State, Region, and Production System detailed. Activities included are: Pasture, feed inputs, supplements and energy use on farm. Direct field emissions are included. The system boundary ends at the farm gate with the production of cattle for sale in three classes - culled cattle (Cast For Age cows and bulls), prime cattle (heifers, feeder steers and finished steers) and weaner cattle (female and male). Energy values: 13.0 MJ/kg. Nutritional values: Protein: 14.1%. Carbohydrate: 0.8%. Fat: 14.6%. Geography: Riverina, New South Wales, Australia. Technology level: Represents current practices as per gross margins reports (NSW DPI 2023 Rural Solutions SA 2022). Time period: 2017-2021. Version: 1.2 Record: Data entry by: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU Generator: Generator/publicator: Sandra Eady Tel: ; email: office@lifecycles.com.au; company:Lifecycles; Country: AU

Sector: Material
Contributor: —
Last updated: 26 Aug 2024
Reference ID: fea4123b-a47d-34de-a313-66e28be78faf

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Documentation

Quantitative reference: Cattle, prime beef, live weight, Riverina {AU-NSW}| heavy grassfed | AusLCI, U
Sampling procedure: Herd structure and product turn-off from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Creation date: 26 Aug 2024
Is copyright protected: No
Is infrastructure process: No
Tags: material
Sources: National Inventory Report (NIR) 2023/2025/DCCEEW
Ash alkalinity/1991/Slattery et al.
Building a foundation for soil condition assessment/2009/Baldock et al.
Environmental performance of large ruminant supply chains/2016/FAO
A Greenhouse Accounting Framework for Beef and Sheep/2020/Ekonomou A.
Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2018-2022/2023/ABS
Assessing beef carcass tissue weights\2010\Navajas et al.
Beef Cattle Gross Margin Budget/2023/NSW DPI /2023
Efficiency of absorbed protein/2018/Mariz, L.D.S. et al
Farm Gross Margin 2015/2015/Rural Solutions SA PIRSA
Land use of Australia 2010-11 to 2020-21/2024/ABARES
Protein content of liveweight/2022/Honig, A.C. et al
Representative Herds Templates for Northern Australia V1.00/2011/Holmes et al.
The heat of combustion values of the protein and fat in pigs\1972\Sharma et al.

Product outputs

Flow	Amount	Unit	Comment
Cattle, manufacturing beef, live weight, Riverina , biogenic C not balanced {AU-NSW}\| heavy grassfed \| AusLCI, U	7800.087	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Quantity of Culled cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls and cows. Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.51 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.32 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass.
Cattle, prime beef, live weight, Riverina {AU-NSW}\| heavy grassfed \| AusLCI, U	33684.285	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Quantity of Prime Cattle sold as Steers or Heifers (kg live weight). Carbon content, fossil: 0.0 kg C/kg dry mass. Carbon content, non-fossil: 0.51 kg C/kg dry mass. Dry mass: 0.32 kg/kg wet mass. Wet mass: 1 kg/kg wet mass.

Technical inputs

Flow	Amount	Unit	Comment
Carbon correction factor {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	377.7619752239707	kg	(2,3,1,1,1,na) - Biogenic carbon correction for prime cattle. Note other products are not balanced for biogenic carbon in this process, but are balanced in a subsequent linked process. All other flows other than biogenic carbon are allocated correction from this inventory.
Cattle, internal parasite control {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	372.908	Item(s)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Internal parasite treatments for the herd.
Cattle, prime beef, live weight, Riverina {AU-NSW}\| heavy grassfed \| AusLCI, U	765.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg)
Cereal hay {AU}\| market for cereal hay \| AusLCI, U	3017.346	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Chemical, organic {GLO}\| market for chemical, organic \| Cut-off, U	372.908	g	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml).
Coconut, dehusked {GLO}\| market for coconut, dehusked \| Cut-off, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Coconut used as proxy for copra.
Cottonseed meal, at oil mill {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total cottonseed meal for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Cottonseed meal, at oil mill {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total protein pellets 20% CP for herd.
Dry season mix, 30% urea, 5.5% P, at production {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	3224.875	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total dry season mineral supplement for herd.
Electricity, low voltage {AU-NT}\| market for electricity, low voltage \| AusLCI, U	191.766772	kWh	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Electricity calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Fertilizing, broadacre crop, pre & post-emergence, conventional {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	337.291	ha	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Application of fertiliser to pasture.
Forage sorghum, irrigated, Darling Downs QLD {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Molasses, C-grade, at mill gate, {AU-QLD}\| sugarcane milling \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total hay for herd from matching geographical region/state.
Oat grain {AU}\| market for oat grain \| AusLCI, U	1899.8000000000002	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total area oats grazed by herd from matching geographical region/state.
Polyurethane, flexible foam {GLO}\| market for \| Cut-off, U	2155.25	g	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total weight of ID tags for flock.
Single superphosphate {AU}\| market for single superphosphate \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Single superphosphate for pasture improvement.
Tractor engine operation, on farm, per litre of diesel consumed {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	64.757624	l	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Fuel calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	1608.0035212480002	t*km	(3,1,1,1,1,na) 2.1 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system in tkm. All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks.
Transport, truck, 60t load {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	84.15	t*km	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased bulls.
Wet season mix, 0% N 21% P, at production {AU}\| \| AusLCI, U	0.0	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.07. Total wet season mineral supplement without N for herd.

Elementary flow inputs

Flow	Sub-compartment	Amount	Unit	Comment
Carbon dioxide	unspecified	66767.27312250601	kg	Nett additinal biogenic carbon absorbed by pasture and transferred to liveweight of the aminal after accounting for external biogenic carbon inputs such as feed.
Occupation, grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	337.291	ha*a	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.5. Intersection of livestock region (based on SA2 units) and 2021 Land Use Map (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences 2024) for natural and sown pastures combined with Agricultural Commodities, Australia (2018-2022) for livestock numbers.
Transformation, from grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	337.291	ha	No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC
Transformation, to grassland, natural, for livestock grazing	land	337.291	ha	No net land transformation assumed. Any net land transformations due to direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method, and consistent with carbon fluxes from dLUC
Water, unspecified natural origin, Lachlan, NSW, AU	—	0.23947661	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in Lachlan, NSW, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Lachlan, NSW, AU	—	861793.20892	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in Lachlan, NSW, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU	—	152937.94975200001	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU	—	0.042498666000000004	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Murrumbidgee, NSW, AU	—	1410427.758824	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in Murrumbidgee, NSW, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Murrumbidgee, NSW, AU	—	0.391932142	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in Murrumbidgee, NSW, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Ovens, VIC, AU	—	188.8662300112	l	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total water use is calculated from cattle drinking water requirements taking account water content of feed and mean ambient temperature occuring in Ovens, VIC, AU catchment.
Water, unspecified natural origin, Ovens, VIC, AU	—	0.000052482479599999997	ML	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dam occuring in Ovens, VIC, AU catchment.

Elementary flow outputs

Flow	Compartment	Sub-compartment	Amount	Unit	Comment
Ammonia	Emission to air	unspecified	1240.725818181818	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. NH3 emission
Area grazed	Non material emissions	—	337.291	ha	—
Carbon dioxide, from soil or biomass stock	Emission to air	low population density	0.0	kg	This flow intentionally set to zero. Carbon fluxes from direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	61.49	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O Dung and Urine
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	6.456	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O atmospheric deposition
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	unspecified	4.006	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.4. N2O leaching and runoff
Dinitrogen monoxide	Emission to air	low population density	0.0	kg	(1,3,2,1,1,na) - 1.4 Uncertainty.Nitrous oxide production from mineralisation due to loss of soil carbon, NIR 2022 Source: NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
Enteric methane	Non material emissions	—	15264.913	kg	—
Evaporative water loss	Non material emissions	—	674.582	m3	—
Livestock N2O all sources	Non material emissions	—	65496006.45600001	kg	—
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	15264.913	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Enteric Methane
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	123.785797	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Farm dam Methane
Methane, non-fossil	Emission to air	unspecified	936.706	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.21. Manure Methane
Nitrogen	Emission to water	ground water	229.201739	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Uncertainty 1.5. N leached from Dung and Urine
Water intake of livestock	Non material emissions	—	2427.5865040000003	m3	—
hydrogen ions	Emissions to soil	—	12.031242780000001	kg	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net change in H ions due to imports (feriliser, feeds) to and exports (cattle liveweight) from the farm

Parameters

Name	Value	Formula	Description
Oats_graz	18.998	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total area of forage oats grazed (ha)
IntParasites_weaners	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) -Number of internal parasite treatments for weaners (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
KM_Protein_pellets	600.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for protein_pellets (km)
AF_Dry_mix	0.012	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for urea (kMol/kg) assuming 30% urea in dry season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
ProductTotal	41484.372	KG_PrimeCattle+KG_CulledBreeders+kg_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total production of cattle from this process (kg live weight)
KM_fert	200.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for fertiliser to farm (km)
BioC_all__corr_CulledBreeders	326.66599233387933	BioC_Actual_CulledBreeders-BioC_CurrentAll_CulledBreeders	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for culled breeders in kg C.
DM_Dry_mix	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of dry season mix
Cows	100.244	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of cows and heifers mated using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
All_Pro_PrimeCattle	81.19752903575352	Pro_PrimeCattle/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Prime Cattle based on protein requirement (%)
BioC_all__corr_Weaners	—	BioC_Actual_Weaners-BioC_CurrentAll_Weaners	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for weaners in kg C.
BioC_Products	7159.331435388001	ProducttotalDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	kg biogenic carbon in outputs of all products in the inventory before applying allocation
Hay	3017.346	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total hay fed (kg)
BioC_Pasture_nett	18209.256306138002	BioC_Products+BioC_as_CH4_emissions-BioC_inputs	kg biogenic carbon added to cattle by pasture after accounting incoming feed, respiration, losses as methane and other losses from system.
P_PrimeCattle	4.086	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for Young Cattle Indicator (Eastern and Western) and National Feeder Steer ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
TRANS_cattle	84.15	PUR_Bulls/1000*KM_Cattle	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 2 Uncertainty. Livestock transport for purchased cattle (t.km).
CC_Protein_Pellets	0.405	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.5 as DM
BioC_CurrentAll_Weaners	—	(BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle)*All_Weaners/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the weaner product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
EFN_mineral	0.004	—	(1,3,2,1,1,na) - [kgN2O-N/kgN] emission factor for N emissions from mineralisations - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
Elec	1.913	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Electricity (kWh/Cow mated) calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
Sorghum_graz	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total area of forage sorghum grazed (ha)
DM_Hay	0.88	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of hay
Evap_water_loss_T	0.674582	Evap_water_loss*HA_GRAZING	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Total evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/year)
EFF_P_Lwt	0.4	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Efficiency of use of absorbed protein partitioned to liveweight. Mariz, L.D.S. 2018 J. Anim Sci 96: 670-683 doi: 10.1093/jas/sky018
Copra	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total copra meal fed (kg)
BioC_Actual_CulledBreeders	1346.1312143730001	kg_CulledbreedersDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated culled breeders in kg C.
DM_Copra	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of copra
PC_Lwt	0.2	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Protein content of liveweight. Honig, A.C. et al. 2022 Meat Science 184 doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108685
P_CulledBreeders	2.76	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for National Processor Cow Indicator ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
NAAR_Inputs	-2.0734437	(Dry_mixAF_Dry_mix+Wet_mixAF_Wet_mix+HayAF_Hay+CopraAF_Copra+MolassesAF_Molasses+CottonseedAF_Cottonseed+Protein_Pellets*AF_Protein_Pellets)/1000	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Net change in soil acidity (H ion eq) from imported products (feeds, fertilizer)
CC_livecattle	0.541	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.541 of animal as DM. (Average carbon content of 0.175 C/kg liveweight assuming dressing of 63%, carcase composition of 70% meat, 20% fat and 10% bone; dry matter content of 15% by-product (blood, rumen, heads and hooves), 25% meat, 85% fat and 74% bone; and carbon content of 53% by-product, 53% meat, 76% fat and 7.5% bone.)
KM_Molasses	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for molasses (km)
DU_N2O	61.49	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from dung and urine. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
All_PrimeCattle_En	81.19752903575352	En_PrimeCattle/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to PrimeCattle based on energy content (%)
N_Mineralised	—	Soil_C_loss*soil_NC_frac	[Kg N] The amount of N released from SOC mineralisation - Calculated
ID_tagbad	25.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Was listed as Total drinking water intake (L/year)
CC_Copra	0.45	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.5 as DM
DeterminingProd	33684.285	KG_PrimeCattle	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Determining product will change with production system: = KG_Weaners when KG_Weaners > KG_PrimeCattle, otherwise KG_PrimeCattle.
PR_fert	1.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) - Proportion of grazed area fertilsed with single superphosphate
All_Weaners_En	—	En_Weaners/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Weaners based on energy content (%)
Cottonseed	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total cottonseed fed (kg)
BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle	377.7619752239707	BioC_CurrentAll_PrimeCattle-BioC_Actual_Primecattle	This is the correction to the biogenic carbon required to balance the biogenic carbon for prime cattle in kg C.
Water	2427586.504	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total drinking water intake (L/year)
BioC_Actual_Weaners	—	kg_WeanersDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated weaners in kg C.
KM_Cottonseed	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for cottonseed (km)
All_Pro_CulledBreeders	18.80247096424649	Pro_CulledBreeders/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Culled Breeders based on protein requirement (%)
soil_NC_frac	0.09090909090909091	1/(10+1)	Fraction of N to C in soil, based on a CN ratio of 1:10 - NIR 2023 (DCCEEW, 2025).
BioC_as_CH4_emissions	12244.05359775	(Ent_CH4+Man_CH4+Dam_Ch4)*12/16	kg biogenic carbon emitted as methane from various sources.
TotN_LeachGW	231.751	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) total N leached to ground water (kg). Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
AF_Molasses	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for molasses (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
Molasses	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total molasses fed (kg)
Dry_mix	3224.875	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total dry season lick (kg)
TotalTkmRoad	1608.0035212480002	(Dry_mixKM_Lick+Wet_mixKM_LICK+HayKM_Hay+CopraKM_Copra+MolassesKM_Molasses+CottonseedKM_Cottonseed+Protein_PelletsKM_Protein_Pellets+Tot_P_fertKM_fert+Fuel_use0.84KM_fuel)/1000	(3,1,1,1,1,na) 2.1 Uncertainty. Total transport for inputs to the system in tkm. All assumed to be transported by articulated trucks.
BioC_Actual_Primecattle	5813.200221015	kg_PrimecattleDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	The actual amount of biogenic carbon which should be allocated Prime cattle in kg C.
KG_PrimeCattle	33684.285	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Prime cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. steers/bullocks, heifers (2 and 3 year old), calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
P_fert	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Fertiliser applied as single superphosphate 8.8% P (kg/ha/year). Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
KM_Hay	100.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for hay (km)
F_Murrumbidgee_NSW	0.581	—	Fraction of Murrumbidgee, NSW, AU catchment in livestock region.
MAN_CH4	936.706	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from manure. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
DLUC_value	—	—	[tCO2eq/ha/year] Annual direct CO2 emissions from land use change. This flow intentionally set to zero. Carbon fluxes from direct land use change (dLUC) to be added when more clarity regarding LUC estimation method
Pro_Weaners	—	KG_WeanersPC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce Weaners (kg)
All_CulledBreeders_Mass	18.80247096424649	kg_CulledBreeders/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Culled cattle (%)
Cattle	268.045	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total number of cattle (Adult Equivalents) carried for the year using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
KM_Copra	600.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for copra (km)
HA_GRAZING	337.291	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Hectares grazing land by Livestock Region based on based on SA2 Level data from Agricultural Commodities data for five years from 2017/18-2021/22 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023) and Land Use of Australia (ABARES 2025).
All_PrimeCattle_Mass	81.19752903575352	kg_PrimeCattle/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Prime cattle (%)
All_PrimeCattle	86.47402696902033	iff(Allocation=1;All_PrimeCattle_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_PrimeCattle_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_PrimeCattle_Mass; All_Pro_PrimeCattle)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to prime cattle. (%)
DAM_CH4_HA	0.367	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Methane emissions form farm dams (kg CH4 ha/yr), calcuted using the temperature based approach descibed by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025). Dam density described by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025).
AF_Protein_Pellets	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for protein pellets (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
KM_Lick	400.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for dry and wet season lick (km)
F_Murray_NSW_VIC_and_SA	0.063	—	Fraction of Murray, NSW, VIC and SA, AU catchment in livestock region.
NAAR_Cattle	14.104686480000002	producttotal*af_cattle/1000	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Change in soil acidity (H ion eq/t) from export of cattle product
DM_Molasses	0.825	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of molasses
Evap_water_loss	0.002	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Evaporative water loss from farm dams (ML/ha/year). Dam density described by NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) with evaporation rate from Bureau of Metorology 1990-2020.
KM_fuel	300.0	—	(3,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for fuel to farm (km)
P_Weaners	—	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Average price for Restocker Yearlings (Heifers and Steers) ($/kg live weight sold) from MLA https://www.mla.com/prices-markets/statistics/ for 5 year period 2019 - 2024.
N_LeachGW	229.201739	TotN_LeachGW-(TotN_LeachGW*EFN_Leach)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.4 Uncertainty. N leached to ground water adjusted for N loss from N2O (kg).
IntParasites_cows	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) -Number of internal parasite treatments for cows (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
DM_Cottonseed	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of cottonseed
oat_yield	100.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Yield of grazing oats
All_PrimeCattle_Eco	86.47402696902033	(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Prime cattle - default for AusLCI (%)
Fuel_use	64.757624	Fuel*Cows	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Whole farm fuel use (L)
Tot_En	128601553.20000002	En_CulledBreeders+En_PrimeCattle+En_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of co-products.
All_Weaners_Mass	—	kg_Weaners/ProductTotal*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Mass allocation fraction for Weaner cattle (%)
EFN_Leach	0.011	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Emissions factor for proportion of N leached released as N2O.
DMI	737435.418	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Dry matter intake. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
CC_Cottonseed	0.45	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.4 as DM, NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
PUR_Bulls_WT	900.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Liveweight (kg) of replacement bulls purchased each year. Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Elec_use	191.766772	Elec*Cows	(1,1,1,1,1,na) 1.05 Uncertainty. Whole farm electricity use (kWh)
BioC_CurrentAll_CulledBreeders	1019.4652220391208	(BioC_Products+BioC_all_Corr_Primecattle)*All_Culledbreeders/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the culled breeders product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
Calves_weaned	86.21	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of calves weaned using herd structure from from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and farm gross margins (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
AF_Cottonseed	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for cottonseed (kMol/kg) based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
EN_CulledBreeders	24180269.700000003	En_lwt1000KG_CulledBreeders	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of VulledBreeders.
KG_CulledBreeders	7800.087	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Culled cattle sold (kg live weight) e.g. mature bulls, cows and spay cows >3 years old, calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Protein_Pellets	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total protein pellets 20% CP fed (kg)
AF_Hay	-0.7	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for hay (kMol/kg) based on (Slatery et al.).
EN_lwt	3.1	—	(1,1,2,1,2,na) - Calorific value (kcal/g) of live cattle at 54% dressing %. Sharma et al. 1972 and Navaja et al. 2010.
ENT_CH4	15264.913	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg Methane from enteric fermentation. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
KM_Cattle	110.0	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Estimate of transport distance for purchased bulls (km). See Durr et al. 2010 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287990558_GIS_mapping_of_cattle_market_service_areas_using_the_National_Livestock_Identification_System_NLIS_-_Final_report
AF_Cattle	0.34	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for red meat (kMol/kg) based on (Slattery et al.).
LEACH_N2O	4.006	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from leached N. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025) Frac_WET estimated independently for each livestock region.
CC_Molasses	0.347	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.42 as DM
F_Lachlan_NSW	0.355	—	Fraction of Lachlan, NSW, AU catchment in livestock region.
Anthelmintics	372.908	(CowsIntParasites_cows)+(Calves_weanedIntParasites_weaners)	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Number of doses of anthelmintic adimistered for internal parasites
F_Ovens_VIC	0.0000778	—	Fraction of Ovens, VIC, AU catchment in livestock region.
All_Weaners	—	iff(Allocation=1;All_Weaners_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Weaners_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Weaners_Mass; All_Pro_Weaners)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to weaners. (%)
DLUC_switch	—	—	By default the switch is set to 0 to not include direct land use change. To include the value for direct land use change set the switch to 1. Direct land use change calculation approach is still uncertain
All_CulledBreeders	13.525973030979666	iff(Allocation=1;All_CulledBreeders_Eco;iff(Allocation=2; All_Culledbreeders_EN; iff(Allocation =3; All_Culledbreeders_Mass; All_Pro_Culledbreeders)))	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to culled breeders. (%)
PUR_Bulls	765.0	PUR_Bulls_WT*PUR_Bulls_NO	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total liveweight of replacement bulls purchased each year (kg)
ID_tag	25.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Weight of plastic ID tag individual (g)
Tot_P_fert	—	P_fertHA_GrazingPR_fert	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total fertiliser applied as single superphosphate (kg)
Wet_mix	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Total wet season lick (kg)
All_Pro_Weaners	—	Pro_Weaners/Pro_Total*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to Weaners based on protein requirement (%)
KG_Weaners	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Quantity of Weaners sold (kg live weight) - both sexes < 1 year old, calculated using herd structure from Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011), Gross Margin publications ( New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
Pro_PrimeCattle	2694.7428000000004	KG_PrimeCattlePC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce PrimeCattle (kg)
Soil_C_Change_Switch	—	—	By default the switch is set to 0 to not soil carbon change. To include the value for soil carbon change set the switch to 1. The results still contain significant uncertainty and should be used with extreme care. -
CC_Hay	0.4	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content of 0.4 as DM, NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
ATMOS_N2O	6.456	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) kg N2O from N deposited from atmosphere. Calculated using GAFF Beef and Sheep based on NIR 2023 (DCCEEW 2025)
BioC_inputs	1194.128727	HayDM_hayCC_Hay+CopraDM_CopraCC_Copra+MolassesDM_MolassesCC_Molasses+CottonseedDM_CottonseedCC_Cottonseed+Protein_PelletsDM_Protein_PelletsCC_Protein_Pellets+PUR_BullsDM_LivecattleCC_Livecattle	kg biogenic carbon inputs from feeds
Vaccine	372.908	(Cows+Calves_weaned)*Vaccine_vol	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Vaccine administered for clostridial and reproductive diseases (ml).
PUR_Bulls_NO	0.85	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Number of replacement bulls purchased per year. Breedcow Beef CRC templates (Holmes et al. 2011) and Gross Margin publications (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries 2023; Ag Excellence Alliance 2024).
BioC_CurrentAll_PrimeCattle	6190.962196238971	BioC_Products*All_PrimeCattle/100	Due to the allocation approach this is how much biogenic CO2 is being directed to the prime cattle product. in kg C. This is likely not the correct amount.
DM_Wet_mix	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of wet season mix
CC_Dry_mix	—	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.0 of dry season mix
DM_Protein_Pellets	0.9	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of protein pellets
DM_Livecattle	0.319	—	(2,3,3,1,1,na) - Dry matter fraction of cattle
Soil_C_loss	—	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Change in Soil Orgnic Carbon t C/ha/year in 0-30cm layer
AF_Wet_mix	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for urea (kMol/kg) assuming 30% urea in wet season mix, based on (Baldock et al. 2009).
EN_Weaners	—	EN_lwt1000KG_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of Weaners.
All_CulledBreeders_Eco	13.525973030979666	(KG_CulledBreedersP_CulledBreeders)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Culled cattle (%) - default for AusLCI
DAM_CH4	123.785797	DAM_CH4_ha*HA_GRAZING	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total methane emissions form darm dams (kg) (excluding manure fraction which is counted elsewhere)
Vaccine_vol	2.0	—	(2,1,1,1,1,na) Volume of individual vaccine (ml)
CC_Wet_mix	—	—	(2,3,1,1,1,na) Carbon content 0.0 of wet season mix
Fuel	0.646	—	(1,1,1,1,1,na) Fuel (L diesel/Cow mated) calculated from economic data reported in farm survey data from ABARES for 2018-2022 (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/data/farm-data-portal).
ID_tags	2155.25	Calves_weaned*ID_tag	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Weight of ID tags total (g)
EN_PrimeCattle	104421283.50000001	EN_lwt1000KG_PrimeCattle	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total calorific value (kcal) of PrimeCattle.
All_Weaners_Eco	—	(KG_WeanersP_Weaners)/(P_PrimeCattleKG_PrimeCattle+P_CulledBreedersKG_CulledBreeders+KG_WeanersP_weaners)*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Economic allocation fraction for Weaned cattle - default for AusLCI (%)
BiogenicCO2	—	Soil_C_loss3.667HA_GRAZING*0	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.5 Uncertainty. Total SOC change in units of CO2-eq
Allocation	1.0	—	Allocation switch, 1 = Economic alocation (default for AusLCI), 2 = Energy allocation, 3 = Mass allocation, 4 = Protein Allocation.
Pro_CulledBreeders	624.0069600000002	KG_CulledBreedersPC_LwtEFF_P_Lwt	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirement to produce Culled Breeders (kg)
AF_Copra	—	—	(2,2,2,2,1,na) - Acid factor for copra (kMol/kg) based on web search unspecifed sources.
All_CulledBreeders_En	18.80247096424649	En_CulledBreeders/Tot_En*100	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Allocation to CulledBreeders based on energy content (%)
Pro_Total	3318.7497600000006	Pro_CulledBreeders+Pro_PrimeCattle+Pro_Weaners	(2,1,1,1,1,na) 1.07 Uncertainty. Total protein requirment for all coproducts leaving the farm (kg)